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OCR CHEMISTRY A > carbonyls and carboxylic acids > Flashcards

carbonyls and carboxylic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

carbonyl functional group

A

C=O

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2
Q

colour change when oxidation occurs

A

orange to green

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3
Q

why do aldehydes and ketones react with some nucleophile?

A

C=O is polar

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4
Q

what is the characteristic mechanism for aldehydes and ketones

A

nucleophilic addition

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5
Q

nucleophile definition

A

electron pair donor

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6
Q

detecting carbonyls

A
  • add 2,4-DNP

- yellow/ orange precipitate formed

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7
Q

distinguishing between aldehydes and ketones

A
  • add Tollens’ reagent

- silver mirror of a carboxylic acid is formed

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8
Q

why do phenols not react with carbonates?

A

not acidic enough

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9
Q

what can carboxylic acids take place in?

A
  • redox reactions

- neutralisation reactions

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10
Q

how are carboxylate salts formed?

A

from redox and neutralisation reactions

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11
Q

what is the ion called in carboxylate salts?

A

carboxylate ion

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12
Q

draw a carboxylate ion

A

page 464

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13
Q

what do 2 ethanoic acid molecules form

A

ethanoic anhydride and water

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14
Q

draw acid anhydride

A

page 466

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15
Q

what is esterification?

A

reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water

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16
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

chemical breakdown

17
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

chemical breakdown of a compound in the presence of water or in aqueous solution

18
Q

what is acid hydrolysis of an ester?

A

reverse of esterification

19
Q

how do you carry out acid hydrolysis?

A
  • ester is heated under reflux with dilute aqueous acid

- ester is broken down by water, with the acid acting as a catalyst

20
Q

draw the acid hydrolysis of methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

A

methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate + H20 -> 2- hydroxybenzoic acid and methanol

21
Q

what sort of reaction is alkaline hydrolysis?

A

irreversible

22
Q

what are the conditions of alkaline hydrolysis?

A

ester is heated under reflux with aqueous hydroxide ions

23
Q

acyl chloride with alcohol forms what?

A

ester

24
Q

draw the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and propan-1-ol

A

propyl ethanoate and HCl

25
Q

draw the ethanoyl chloride and phenol reaction

A

phenyl ethanoate and HCl

26
Q

draw the acyl chloride and water reaction

A

HCl and ethanoic acid

27
Q

acyl chloride and water

A

carboxylic acids and HCl

28
Q

acyl chloride and phenols

A

ester and HCl

29
Q

acyl chloride and alcohols

A

esters and HCl

30
Q

acyl chloride with ammonia

A

primary amide and ammonium chloride

31
Q

acyl chloride and amines

A

secondary amine and ammonium chlorides

32
Q

ethanoic and phenol

A

phenyl ethanoate and ethanoic acid

OCR CHEMISTRY A (34 decks)

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