carbonyls and carboxylic acids

Question 1

carbonyl functional group

Answer 1

C=O

Question 2

colour change when oxidation occurs

Answer 2

orange to green

Question 3

why do aldehydes and ketones react with some nucleophile?

Answer 3

C=O is polar

Question 4

what is the characteristic mechanism for aldehydes and ketones

Answer 4

nucleophilic addition

Question 5

nucleophile definition

Answer 5

electron pair donor

Question 6

detecting carbonyls

Answer 6

• add 2,4-DNP

- yellow/ orange precipitate formed

Question 7

distinguishing between aldehydes and ketones

Answer 7

• add Tollens’ reagent

- silver mirror of a carboxylic acid is formed

Question 8

why do phenols not react with carbonates?

Answer 8

not acidic enough

Question 9

what can carboxylic acids take place in?

Answer 9

• redox reactions

- neutralisation reactions

Question 10

how are carboxylate salts formed?

Answer 10

from redox and neutralisation reactions

Question 11

what is the ion called in carboxylate salts?

Answer 11

carboxylate ion

Question 12

draw a carboxylate ion

Answer 12

page 464

Question 13

what do 2 ethanoic acid molecules form

Answer 13

ethanoic anhydride and water

Question 14

draw acid anhydride

Answer 14

page 466

Question 15

what is esterification?

Answer 15

reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water

Question 16

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 16

chemical breakdown

Question 17

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 17

chemical breakdown of a compound in the presence of water or in aqueous solution

Question 18

what is acid hydrolysis of an ester?

Answer 18

reverse of esterification

Question 19

how do you carry out acid hydrolysis?

Answer 19

• ester is heated under reflux with dilute aqueous acid

- ester is broken down by water, with the acid acting as a catalyst

Question 20

draw the acid hydrolysis of methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

Answer 20

methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate + H20 -> 2- hydroxybenzoic acid and methanol

Question 21

what sort of reaction is alkaline hydrolysis?

Answer 21

irreversible

Question 22

what are the conditions of alkaline hydrolysis?

Answer 22

ester is heated under reflux with aqueous hydroxide ions

Question 23

acyl chloride with alcohol forms what?

Answer 23

ester

Question 24

draw the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and propan-1-ol

Answer 24

propyl ethanoate and HCl

Question 25

draw the ethanoyl chloride and phenol reaction

Answer 25

phenyl ethanoate and HCl

Question 26

draw the acyl chloride and water reaction

Answer 26

HCl and ethanoic acid

Question 27

acyl chloride and water

Answer 27

carboxylic acids and HCl

Question 28

acyl chloride and phenols

Answer 28

ester and HCl

Question 29

acyl chloride and alcohols

Answer 29

esters and HCl

Question 30

acyl chloride with ammonia

Answer 30

primary amide and ammonium chloride

Question 31

acyl chloride and amines

Answer 31

secondary amine and ammonium chlorides

Question 32

ethanoic and phenol

Answer 32

phenyl ethanoate and ethanoic acid