Last Half Ch.3 - Test 2 Flashcards
Qualitative Methods
Form of words or pictures (No numbers)
Inductive Reasoning
Observations leading theory (understanding)
Quantitative Methods
Form in numbers
Deductive Reasoning
Theory leading to testing of an idea or a prediction
Mixed Method
Combining both qualitative and quantitative methods
Interviews, Dream Analysis, Texts, Emails, Photographs, Drawings
Qualitative Methods
Physiological Measures (Biological), Scores on Tests, Demographics (age, where you live, pets), Reaction times, Ratings (scales 1 -10)
Quantitative Methods
Triangulation
Making sure that your qualitative results match your quantitative results
Basic Research
To Know (example…leads to the understanding of antibiotics)
Applied Research
To affect or control (example…leads to the development and testing of antibiotics)
Research Designs with Internal Validity
Experimental Design
Research Designs with External Validity
Descriptive and Correlational Designs
Descriptive (Describe) Design Methods
Observational, Case Studies, and Self-Reports
Observational Methods
A research method that uses a systematic and objective description of what is happening
Types of Observational Methods
Naturalistic, Participant, Nonreactive, and, Unobtrusive
Naturalistic Observation
Careful monitoring and examination of what people and animals are doing under more or less natural circumstances (Example…Dr. Jane Goodall’s work t=with the chimpanzee’s study)
Ethology
Participant Observation
The researcher embeds himself into the group or situation being studied and observes (Example…Festinger [Founder of Cognitive Dissonance], Rieken, and Schachter studied a UFO religion called the Seekers)
Ethnography
Nonreactive Observation
A researcher does not influence events (Example…archival research)
Nonreactive Observation
A researcher does not influence events (Example…archival research)
Obtrusive Observation
Subjects not aware that they are being studied
Erosion Measures
How much something wears out (Example…chair seat pad in doctor’s waiting room wore down due to patients anxiety)
Accretion Measures
Build up (Example…To determine how often or how many people)
Case Study
Thorough observations and descriptions of a single individual are appropriate only when done for an unusual condition or circumstance.
Self-Report
Not always honest (Examples…Survey and Interviews)
Survey
a study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people. (Example…Dr. Kinsey’s 1948 Survey of sexual preferences)
3 Things to do when constructing a Survey
- Indicate that the responses are confidential to ensure participant’s honesty when answering the survey
- Be careful of jargon and wording of questions, so the participant understands what they are being asked.
- Be aware of any self-report bias(overestimated or underestimated qualities.
Correlation Methods
Describe and Predict (Associations)
Measure the relationship between two variables
Does not equal causation, only relationship
Correlation Coefficient “r”
a numerical estimate of the strength and direction of a correlation
Value of range of “r”
-1.00 to +1.00
*Higher the absolute value, the stronger the relationship)
Negative Correlation (-)
As one variable increases, the other decreases (seesaw example)
Positive Correlation (+)
As one variable increases, so does the other (weight and height examples)
Zero or Ner Zero Correlation
No relations (Nothing)
Problems with Correlational Research
- Illusionary Correlations
- Directionality Problem
- Third Variable
Illusionary Correlations
Apparent relationship based on casual observation of unrelated or weakly related events
Directionality Problem
Does A cause B, or does B cause A
Third Variable
Relation with another variable not part of the study (Example…ice cream sales and murder rates increasing during the summertime, the third variable is the weather [heat])
Experimental Method
The study researcher manipulates at least one variable (IV) while measuring at least one other variable (DV)
Test causation
Gages and Confounds
- Geography * Ethnicity
- Age * Socioeconomic standing
- Gender
(Reasons that affect Internal Validity)
OOPS
- Operational Definitions (What you are measuring)
- Occasions (Events)
- Population (Who we are studying)
- Situations (Work/School)
Operational Definition
Way to give intangible constructs (ideas) a numerical value by developing behavioral or observable definitions of them to accurately measure constructs
(Example…Investigating effects of watching violence on TV, on children’s aggressive behavior.
*Violence “#of times in a one hour show that one person threatens or injures another person”
* Aggressive Behavior “#of insults, threats, and assaults by the subject over 24 hours after watching a TV program.”
Correlate the numbers from these quantity measures for any relationship.)
