Last Half Ch.3 - Test 2

Question 1

Qualitative Methods

Answer 1

Form of words or pictures (No numbers)

Question 2

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 2

Observations leading theory (understanding)

Question 3

Quantitative Methods

Answer 3

Form in numbers

Question 4

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 4

Theory leading to testing of an idea or a prediction

Question 5

Mixed Method

Answer 5

Combining both qualitative and quantitative methods

Question 6

Interviews, Dream Analysis, Texts, Emails, Photographs, Drawings

Answer 6

Qualitative Methods

Question 7

Physiological Measures (Biological), Scores on Tests, Demographics (age, where you live, pets), Reaction times, Ratings (scales 1 -10)

Answer 7

Quantitative Methods

Question 8

Triangulation

Answer 8

Making sure that your qualitative results match your quantitative results

Question 9

Basic Research

Answer 9

To Know (example…leads to the understanding of antibiotics)

Question 10

Applied Research

Answer 10

To affect or control (example…leads to the development and testing of antibiotics)

Question 11

Research Designs with Internal Validity

Answer 11

Experimental Design

Question 12

Research Designs with External Validity

Answer 12

Descriptive and Correlational Designs

Question 13

Descriptive (Describe) Design Methods

Answer 13

Observational, Case Studies, and Self-Reports

Question 14

Observational Methods

Answer 14

A research method that uses a systematic and objective description of what is happening

Question 15

Types of Observational Methods

Answer 15

Naturalistic, Participant, Nonreactive, and, Unobtrusive

Question 16

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 16

Careful monitoring and examination of what people and animals are doing under more or less natural circumstances (Example…Dr. Jane Goodall’s work t=with the chimpanzee’s study)
Ethology

Question 17

Participant Observation

Answer 17

The researcher embeds himself into the group or situation being studied and observes (Example…Festinger [Founder of Cognitive Dissonance], Rieken, and Schachter studied a UFO religion called the Seekers)
Ethnography

Question 18

Nonreactive Observation

Answer 18

A researcher does not influence events (Example…archival research)

Question 18

Nonreactive Observation

Answer 18

A researcher does not influence events (Example…archival research)

Question 19

Obtrusive Observation

Answer 19

Subjects not aware that they are being studied

Question 20

Erosion Measures

Answer 20

How much something wears out (Example…chair seat pad in doctor’s waiting room wore down due to patients anxiety)

Question 21

Accretion Measures

Answer 21

Build up (Example…To determine how often or how many people)

Question 22

Case Study

Answer 22

Thorough observations and descriptions of a single individual are appropriate only when done for an unusual condition or circumstance.

Question 23

Self-Report

Answer 23

Not always honest (Examples…Survey and Interviews)

Question 24

Survey

Answer 24

a study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people. (Example…Dr. Kinsey’s 1948 Survey of sexual preferences)

Question 25

3 Things to do when constructing a Survey

Answer 25

1. Indicate that the responses are confidential to ensure participant’s honesty when answering the survey
2. Be careful of jargon and wording of questions, so the participant understands what they are being asked.
3. Be aware of any self-report bias(overestimated or underestimated qualities.

Question 26

Correlation Methods

Answer 26

Describe and Predict (Associations)
Measure the relationship between two variables
Does not equal causation, only relationship

Question 27

Correlation Coefficient “r”

Answer 27

a numerical estimate of the strength and direction of a correlation

Question 28

Value of range of “r”

Answer 28

-1.00 to +1.00
*Higher the absolute value, the stronger the relationship)

Question 29

Negative Correlation (-)

Answer 29

As one variable increases, the other decreases (seesaw example)

Question 30

Positive Correlation (+)

Answer 30

As one variable increases, so does the other (weight and height examples)

Question 31

Zero or Ner Zero Correlation

Answer 31

No relations (Nothing)

Question 32

Problems with Correlational Research

Answer 32

• Illusionary Correlations
• Directionality Problem
• Third Variable

Question 33

Illusionary Correlations

Answer 33

Apparent relationship based on casual observation of unrelated or weakly related events

Question 34

Directionality Problem

Answer 34

Does A cause B, or does B cause A

Question 35

Third Variable

Answer 35

Relation with another variable not part of the study (Example…ice cream sales and murder rates increasing during the summertime, the third variable is the weather [heat])

Question 36

Experimental Method

Answer 36

The study researcher manipulates at least one variable (IV) while measuring at least one other variable (DV)

Test causation

Question 37

Gages and Confounds

Answer 37

• Geography * Ethnicity
• Age * Socioeconomic standing
• Gender
  (Reasons that affect Internal Validity)

Question 38

OOPS

Answer 38

• Operational Definitions (What you are measuring)
• Occasions (Events)
• Population (Who we are studying)
• Situations (Work/School)

Question 39

Operational Definition

Answer 39

Way to give intangible constructs (ideas) a numerical value by developing behavioral or observable definitions of them to accurately measure constructs
(Example…Investigating effects of watching violence on TV, on children’s aggressive behavior.
*Violence “#of times in a one hour show that one person threatens or injures another person”
* Aggressive Behavior “#of insults, threats, and assaults by the subject over 24 hours after watching a TV program.”
Correlate the numbers from these quantity measures for any relationship.)