Chapter 7 - Test 3

Question 1

Source of threats to Internal Validity

Answer 1

1. People are different (group)
2. People change (time)
3. Process of studying people changes people (participant reactivity)

Question 2

Artifacts

Answer 2

• threaten external validity
• held constant across the levels of the independent variable

Question 3

Confounds

Answer 3

*threatens internal validity
* different for the different levels of the independent variable

Question 4

Threats to Internal Validity

Answer 4

*Time Threats
* Group Threats
*Reactivity

Question 5

Time threats

Answer 5

• History (external)
• Maturation (internal)
• Testing (repeatability)
• Instrumentation (different instruments to measure same confounds)

Question 6

Group threats

Answer 6

• Selection
• Selection by maturation
• Selection by ???
• Mortality/Attrition
• Regression

Question 7

Reactivity

Answer 7

• Diffusion/Contamination
• Demand Characteristics

Question 8

History Threat

Answer 8

Changes due to environmental events other than the treatment
(outside the person)

Question 9

Instrumentation Threat

Answer 9

Measuring instrument changes during the course of the study and these changes cause participants’ score to change

Question 10

Selection

Answer 10

Groups were different to start with (before experiment is run)

Question 11

Selection by maturation

Answer 11

Groups that are similar (but not identical) to start with may naturally grow apart

Question 12

Diffusion/Contamination

Answer 12

Participants may change through observation, or communication with other participants

Question 13

GAGEs (CONFOUNDS)

Answer 13

Geography
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Social economic status

Question 14

OOPS! (ARTIFACTS)

Answer 14

Operationalization
Occasions
Populations
Situations

Question 15

Other Threats

Answer 15

• Demand characteristics (Hawthorne Effect)
  *Participant expectancies
  *Participant reactance
  *Evaluation apprehension
  *Response sets:
  *acquiescence (agree with everything)
  *nay-saying (disagree with everything)
  *middle of the road (select neutral options)

Question 16

Pygmalion Effect

Answer 16

Example: Teachers spend more time with students that are expected to get good grades. In the end, the good grades are due to the teacher spending more time with these students because of the higher expectations.

Question 17

John Henry Effect

Answer 17

The Control group knows that they are and tries harder than the non-control group

Question 18

Placebo

Answer 18

Telling participant they have received treatment when in actuality that have not

Question 19

Nocebo

Answer 19

Blindly providing treatment, yet the patient does not know that they have received the treatment

Question 20

single-blind

Answer 20

either the participant or the experimenter does not know

Question 21

double-blind

Answer 21

both the experimenter and the participant do not know

Question 22

Selection by _____________

Answer 22

Selection can also interact with other threats, such as X History interaction

Question 23

Mortality/Attrition

Answer 23

Drop out of study like longitudinal overtime studies
* Homogeneous - just as likely to drop from a control group than an experimental group
* Heterogeneous - people are dropping from one group more than the other.
Overall scores change because of people dropping out of the study

Question 24

Regression (to the mean)

Answer 24

Participants who get extreme scores have less extreme scores when retested because extreme scores are extreme, in part, due to random error; since the random error is inconsistent, chances are that random error will not make participants score quite so extreme the second time around.
SPORTS PERFORMANCE

Question 25

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 25

People react to being studied, and productivity would naturally increases when an employer does anything with the employees (like bringing donuts for the day)