Chapter 10 - Final

Question 1

Exploratory studies

Answer 1

• “What”
• Can be qualitative or quantitative
  Example: What is the relationship between affect (mood) and neurotransmitters?

Question 2

Descriptive Studies

Answer 2

• “How”
• Generally Qualitative
  Example: How do individuals deal with depression deal with their disorder?

Question 3

Explanatory Studies

Answer 3

• “Why”
• Can be qualitative or quantitative
  Example: Why do SSRIs alleviate depression?

Question 4

Cross-sectional Studies

Answer 4

Data is only collected once

Question 5

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 5

• Data is collected at different points in time
• Panel studies (panel = same participants)
• Trend studies (different participants of the same population)
• Cohort Studies (usually based on the same event)

Question 6

Idiographic Research

Answer 6

• In-depth as they apply to one person
• Often qualitative using case studies and interviews

Question 7

Nomothetic Research

Answer 7

• Often quantitative
• Requires establishing 3 criteria:
  i. correlation
  ii. time order
  iii. non-spuriousness
• Casualty in research
  i. ability to determine causality = Internal Validity
  ii. prerequisite for determining causality:
  a. Know that behavior changed along with the treatment
  [covariation, correlation]
  b. Know that treatment came before the behavior change
  [Temporal sequence, time order (temporal contiguity, precedence)
  c. Know that everything but the treatment stayed the same
  [elimination of confounds, control, and non-spuriousness]

Question 8

Experimental Designs

Answer 8

• Randomized One-Group Posttest-Only Design
• Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design
• Non-Random posttest only control group design
• Non-Random pretest posttest control group design
• Non-Random one-group pretest posttest design
• Solomon Four-Group Experimental Design
• Non-Experimental or Pre-Experimental Designs
• Quasi-Experimental Designs
• Non-Random cross-sectional survey design
• Longitudinal Cohort

Question 9

Anatomy of a design name

Answer 9

• Is there Random Assignment to conditions?
  a. Yes = Randomized
  b. No = Non-randomized
• Is there a pretest? Posttest?
  a. Pretest only = pretest-only
  b. Posttest only = posttest-only
  c. Both = pretest posttest
• Is there a control group?
  a. Yes = Control Group
  b. No = One-group

Question 10

Non-Experimental Designs

Answer 10

• Quasi-Experiments
• Non-experimental Designs
• Small-N (Single-N) Designs
  *Purpose – To minimize threats to Internal Validity in situations where treatments can’t be randomize

Question 11

Solomon four-group experimental design

Answer 11

• 4 control groups (randomly assigned)
  a. 2 pretests (2 groups do it and 2 groups do not) TREATMENT
  b. no experiment
  c. 4 posttest

Question 12

Why Quasi?

Answer 12

• lack of control (comparison groups)
• no random assignment
• naturally occurring groups
• ethnical reasons (can’t assign people to get sick)

Question 13

Comparison across groups

Answer 13

Non-equivalent group designs

Question 14

Comparison across time

Answer 14

Time series designs

Question 15

Comparison across groups and time

Answer 15

• Time series with non-equivalent groups designs
• One-Group Posttest-Only Design
• Posttest-Only Design With Nonequivalent Groups
• One-Group Pretest Posttest Design

Question 16

One Group Posttest-Only Design

Answer 16

• No use in determining an effect
• Similar in some ways to a case study, except in a case study, a lot is known about one subject to help put results in perspective.

Question 17

Posttest-Only Design With Nonequivalent Groups

Answer 17

• Differences could be due to treatment or selection
• Conclusions can be helped with additional information to gage the equivalency of the two groups.

Question 18

One-Group Pretest Posttest Design

Answer 18

• Improvement in terms of selection
• No counterbalancing is used to take the two observations close together in a time like a within-subjects design.

Question 19

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Answer 19

• Nonequivalent Control Group Design With Pretest and Posttest
• Interrupted Time-Series Designs
• Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments

Question 20

Nonequivalent Control Group Design With Pretest and Posttest

Answer 20

• Most common in Social Science
• If O1 = O1 Groups are relatively equivalent
  a. Selection and Regression are minimized
• If O1 = O2 for the control group
  b. History and Maturation are minimized
• Allows for assessment of mortality
• Selection interactions are still a risk, especially if pretest differences exist

Question 21

Nonequivalent Control Group Design With Pretest and Posttest Variations

Answer 21

• Use of a proxy pretest
  a. A measure of variables that correlate with posttest
• Separate pretest and posttest samples
  b. Used if testing can be a threat
• Pretest observations at more than one time intervals

Question 22

Interrupted Time-Series Designs

Answer 22

• No problems with selection or interactions with selection
• Testing or regression issues should disappear with the multiple pretests
• Maturity may show as a trend

Question 23

Interrupted Time-Series Design Variations

Answer 23

• Addition of nonequivalent no-treatment control group time series
  a. Allows assessment of history as a threat
• Interrupted time series with removed
  treatment
  b. Can be used if treatment effects are
  reversible
• Can be repeated to produce multiple replications (similar to baseline designs)
• Interrupted time series with switching replications can counter or help assess most threats to internal validity

Question 24

Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiment Advantages

Answer 24

• Allows us to do research which may not be possible or ethical otherwise

Question 25

Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiment Disadvantages

Answer 25

• When threats to internal validity are found, it may invalidate your results
• More complex than an experiment