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Nutrition And Disease > Large Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Most cranial compartment of the forestomach “honeycomb” appearance

A

Reticulum

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2
Q

Joined to the reticulum by a muscular tissue fold

A

Rumen

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3
Q

Interior surface forms numerous papillae that vary in shape and size

A

Rumen

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4
Q

4 Distinct areas of the rumen

A

Dorsal, ventral, caudodorsal and caudoventral sacs

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5
Q

“book stomach” spherical organ filled with musclar laminae that lie in sheets

A

Omasum

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6
Q

Connected to the reticulum by a short tunnel of tissue

A

Omasum

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7
Q

The true stomach

A

Abomasum

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8
Q

Very similar to histologically monogastrics stomach

A

Abomasum

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9
Q

Turns cellulose into absorbable nutrients

A

The Rumen

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10
Q

Conditions needed for fermentation to occur

A

Anaerobic

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11
Q

Principle VFA’s

A

Acetic, proprionic, and butyric acids

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12
Q

Cycle of rumen contractions

A

1-3 times per minute

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13
Q

Where do primary contractions originate?

A

The reticulum and pass caudally around the rumen

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14
Q

Where do secondary contractions occur?

A

only parts of the rumen and are usually associated with eructation

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15
Q

Provide greater than 70% of ruminants energy

A

Volatile Fatty Acids

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16
Q

Major source of acetyl-coA, utilized predominently in the liver

A

Acetic Acid

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17
Q

Completely removed from portal blood by the liver. Serves as a major substance for gluconeogenesis

A

Proprionic Acid

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18
Q

Converted to ketone beta-hydroxybutyric acid

A

Butyric Acid

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19
Q

There are ___ essential amino acids and ___ nonessential amino acids

A

10, 12

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20
Q

What are the three methods used to measure protein in animal feeds?

A

Protein Biologic Value, Protein Efficiency Ratio, Protein Quality

21
Q

Primary energy source for livestock

A

Carbohydrates

22
Q

______ are more readily available than fats or proteins

A

Carbohydrates

23
Q

Simple sugars, storage molecules (starch and fructans), Structural polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates

24
Q

What do TDN’s not take into account?

A

Losses in urine, combustible gases, heat

25
Q

Reproductive status is very important to what?

A

Energy requirements

26
Q

When is colostrum required for newborn calves?

A

Within 72 hours of life

27
Q

What is colostrum for?

A

Energy and immunity

28
Q

At least half of colostrum needs to be given within __ to __ hours of birth

A

4-6

29
Q

Two of the most common feeding methods for swine

A

High grain rations in self feeders

Limit-Fed (in breeding herds)

30
Q

In cases of bloat, distension of the stomach is seen on the ____ and then the ___ flank

A

Left, right

31
Q

What are some causes of bloat?

A

Change in pasture with heavy fertilizer, genetics, bacterial overgrowth, excessive concentrate consumption

32
Q

Enterotoxemia is also known as ?

A

Overeating disease

33
Q

What is often the first symptom of enterotoxemia?

A

Death

34
Q

Often occurs in fast growing animals, clostridium perfringens, excess consumption of high energy feed

A

Enterotoxemia

35
Q

To prevent enterotoxemia, vaccinate for clostridium perfringens tpy D for ____ and C/D for ____ ____

A

Lambs, breeding, ewes

36
Q

What should be done if an outbreak of enterotoxemia occurs in lambs?

A

21 day protection with antiserum

37
Q

Symptoms of Fescue Toxicosis

A

Lameness, necrosis at tail end, milk production, abortion

38
Q

Entophyte Fungus Acremonium Coenophialum is associated with what disease?

A

Fescue Toxicosis

39
Q

Fescue toxicosis is more prone to occure in ___ and ____

A

Fall and Winter

40
Q

Grass tetany (hypomagnesium) is most common in cows ____ years and older

A

4

41
Q

Grass tetany occurrence is usually during early ____ in heavy milking cows

A

lactation

42
Q

Pastures with low magnesium and calcium and high potassium can cause _____ ____

A

Grass Tetany

43
Q

The highest risk for this disease occurs during spring and early summer

A

Grass Tetany

44
Q

How can urine calculi be prevented?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus ratios should be kept at 1.5:1 and 7:1

45
Q

Who is at higher risk for Urine Calculi?

A

Males

46
Q

Excess silicate intake and urine calculi can cause ____ ____

A

Water belly

47
Q

What can cause White muscle disease?

A

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency

48
Q

Displaced abomasum can be prevented by avoiding what?

A

Alkalosis and Acidosis

49
Q

When does ketosis typically occur?

A

Nutrition And Disease (7 decks)

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