Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards
Most cranial compartment of the forestomach “honeycomb” appearance
Reticulum
Joined to the reticulum by a muscular tissue fold
Rumen
Interior surface forms numerous papillae that vary in shape and size
Rumen
4 Distinct areas of the rumen
Dorsal, ventral, caudodorsal and caudoventral sacs
“book stomach” spherical organ filled with musclar laminae that lie in sheets
Omasum
Connected to the reticulum by a short tunnel of tissue
Omasum
The true stomach
Abomasum
Very similar to histologically monogastrics stomach
Abomasum
Turns cellulose into absorbable nutrients
The Rumen
Conditions needed for fermentation to occur
Anaerobic
Principle VFA’s
Acetic, proprionic, and butyric acids
Cycle of rumen contractions
1-3 times per minute
Where do primary contractions originate?
The reticulum and pass caudally around the rumen
Where do secondary contractions occur?
only parts of the rumen and are usually associated with eructation
Provide greater than 70% of ruminants energy
Volatile Fatty Acids
Major source of acetyl-coA, utilized predominently in the liver
Acetic Acid
Completely removed from portal blood by the liver. Serves as a major substance for gluconeogenesis
Proprionic Acid
Converted to ketone beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Butyric Acid
There are ___ essential amino acids and ___ nonessential amino acids
10, 12
What are the three methods used to measure protein in animal feeds?
Protein Biologic Value, Protein Efficiency Ratio, Protein Quality
Primary energy source for livestock
Carbohydrates
______ are more readily available than fats or proteins
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars, storage molecules (starch and fructans), Structural polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
What do TDN’s not take into account?
Losses in urine, combustible gases, heat
Reproductive status is very important to what?
Energy requirements
When is colostrum required for newborn calves?
Within 72 hours of life
What is colostrum for?
Energy and immunity
At least half of colostrum needs to be given within __ to __ hours of birth
4-6
Two of the most common feeding methods for swine
High grain rations in self feeders
Limit-Fed (in breeding herds)
In cases of bloat, distension of the stomach is seen on the ____ and then the ___ flank
Left, right
What are some causes of bloat?
Change in pasture with heavy fertilizer, genetics, bacterial overgrowth, excessive concentrate consumption
Enterotoxemia is also known as ?
Overeating disease
What is often the first symptom of enterotoxemia?
Death
Often occurs in fast growing animals, clostridium perfringens, excess consumption of high energy feed
Enterotoxemia
To prevent enterotoxemia, vaccinate for clostridium perfringens tpy D for ____ and C/D for ____ ____
Lambs, breeding, ewes
What should be done if an outbreak of enterotoxemia occurs in lambs?
21 day protection with antiserum
Symptoms of Fescue Toxicosis
Lameness, necrosis at tail end, milk production, abortion
Entophyte Fungus Acremonium Coenophialum is associated with what disease?
Fescue Toxicosis
Fescue toxicosis is more prone to occure in ___ and ____
Fall and Winter
Grass tetany (hypomagnesium) is most common in cows ____ years and older
4
Grass tetany occurrence is usually during early ____ in heavy milking cows
lactation
Pastures with low magnesium and calcium and high potassium can cause _____ ____
Grass Tetany
The highest risk for this disease occurs during spring and early summer
Grass Tetany
How can urine calculi be prevented?
Calcium and Phosphorus ratios should be kept at 1.5:1 and 7:1
Who is at higher risk for Urine Calculi?
Males
Excess silicate intake and urine calculi can cause ____ ____
Water belly
What can cause White muscle disease?
Selenium and vitamin E deficiency
Displaced abomasum can be prevented by avoiding what?
Alkalosis and Acidosis
When does ketosis typically occur?
