Basic Nutrition Concepts Flashcards
The sum of all the physical and chemical processes taking place in living organisms
Metabolism
Processes that involve the degradation or decomposition of complex compounds to simpler materials
Catabolism
Synthesis of simpler materials into complex compounds
Anabolism
Most energy comes from _________ and _________
carbohydrates and fats
Determines the amount of food that is actually absorbed by an animal and therefore the avilability of nutrients
Digestibility
the total amount of energy theoretically available from food
Gross Energy
The actual amount of energy available to the animal
Net Energy
Six Major Nutrient Categories
Water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals
Water loss occurs from….
Urinary, fecal, evaporation
Water gain comes from…
Food, metabolic water, drinking
Carbohydrates are converted into ____ for storage
Fats
Cells are made of _______
Proteins
Nutritional value of the protein depends on ________ and ______ _____
digestibility and amino acids
In dogs, arachidonic acid can be synthesized from linoleic acid but ____ must get it in their diet.
cats
Good source of energy and increases palatability. Produces roughly twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
Essential Fatty Acids
Essential enzymes, enzyme precursors, and coenzyme in many body metabolic processes
Vitamins (functions)
Water soluble vitamins
B & C
Fat Soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Vitamins not stored in the body and must be replenished each day
B, C
Signs of vitamin A deficiencies
Night blindness, retarded growth, poor quality skin and hair
Signs of vitamin D deficiencies
Ricketts, poor eruption of permanent teeth
Signs of vitamin E deficiencies
Reproductive failure, brown bowel syndrome
Signs of vitamin K deficiencies
Increased clotting time and hemorrhage
Signs of vitamin C deficiencies
Slowed healing, increased susceptibility to disease
Signs of vitamin B1 deficiencies (Thiamin)
Loss of appetite, loss of reflexes, loss of nerve control, weakness
Signs of niacin deficiencies
Loss of appetite and weight, inflamed guns, hemorrhagic diarrhea
Signs of vitamin B2 deficiencies (riboflavin)
Poor growth, eye abnormalities, heart failure
Signs of vitamin B5 deficiencies ( pantothenic acid)
Hairloss, diarrhea, premature aging
Signs of vitamin B6 deficiencies (pyridoxine)
Anemia, poor growth, skin lesions
Signs of folic acid deficiencies
Hypoplasia of bone marrow, macrocytic anemia
Signs of B12 deficiencies
Macrocytic anemia
Signs of biotin deficiencies
Poor hair, dry skin, diarrhea
What are the macrominerals?
Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Chloride
Responsible for dumping amylase and lipase into the small intestine
Pancreas
________ completes the digestion of carbohydrates
Amylase
______ _____ break up fat globules into smaller pieces and ______ breaks it down into fatty acids
Bile salts, lipase
Creates bile which is stored in the gall bladder between meals
Liver
Breaks down triglycerides
Liver
3 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
What is needed for a proper immune response?
Protein, zinc, copper and iron, vitamins A and E
Diabetes associated with high levels of glucose in the blood
Diabetes Mellitus
Studies with sheep, show that increasing ______ can decrease worm burden
Protein
Metabolic diseases, caused by an imbalance in nutrients, may consist of what conditions?
Bloat, pregnancy toxemia, ketosis, milk fever (eclampsia)
Consuming only one meal per day, having a fast rate of eating, and experiencing aerophagia while eating are all nutritional factors that influence a dogs risk for ____
GDV
Syndrom/disease associated with insufficient pancreatic enzymes
GDV
When is GDV more likely to occur?
After eating, as the stomach is dilated and more prone to twisting.
Pregnancy toxemia occurs ____ parturition
before
Ketosis occurs _____ parturition
After
Amongst several other symptoms, this condition causes animals to breathe more rapidly and may cause breath and urine to have a fruity/sweet odor
Pregnancy toxemia/ketosis
Post-parturient hypocalcemia that occurs when the demand for calcium for milk production exceeds the body’s ability to mobilize calcium
Milk Fever
In cattle with milk fever, temp tends to be ____
Sub-normal
This type of diarrhea will often be indicated by fresh blood in the feces
Colitis, or large bowel diarrhea
In this type of diarrhea the feces is usually black/tarry or just watery
Small bowel diarrhea
What are two diets that can be offered to manage colitis?
Increasing the amount of fiber in the diet, using hypoallergenic diets
What dietary changes can be made to manage IBD?
Hypoallergenic diet, low residue diet that is easily digested and absorbed, high fiber diets slow down fecal passage and increase eater reabsorption
Toxic substance in chocolate
Theobromine
Signs of theobromine toxicity usually occur within ______ of ingestion
5 hours
Signs of theobromine toxicity
V/D, urinary incontinence, muscle tremors
Most common urolith in dogs and cats
Struvite
What is the primary therapy for urinary stone disease?
Reduce urine specific gravity (<1.020) and increase the frequency of urination (double)
The ability of an animal to recuperate or recover growth after periods of underfeeding
Compensatory growth
Reflected in the proportion of body fat and muscle on its carcass
Condition
