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French Wine Scholar > Languedoc: Appellations > Flashcards

Languedoc: Appellations Flashcards

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1
Q

List the appellations of the Languedoc (without the VDN AOCs).

A
  1. Languedoc AOC (1985 as Coteaux du Languedoc, 2007 as Languedoc AOC): 23% of total AOC production; (Gres de Montpellier: 5%)
  2. Clairette du Languedoc AOC (1948)
  3. Picpoul de Pinet AOC (2013): 4%
  4. Pic Saint-Loup AOC (2017): 2%
  5. Terrasses du Larzac AOC (2014)
  6. Faugeres AOC (1982): 4%
  7. Saint-Chinian AOC (1982, Dry White 2005): 6%
  8. Minervois AOC (1985): 9%
  9. Minervois-La Liviniere AOC (1999)
  10. La Clape AOC (2015): 2%
  11. Corbieres AOC (1985): 24%
  12. Corbieres Boutenac AOC (2005)
  13. Fitou AOC (1948): 4%
  14. Cabardes AOC (1999)
  15. Malepere AOC (2007)
  16. Limoux AOC (1938, Dry White, Red 1959): 5%
  17. Cremant de Limoux AOC (1990)
    Other: 12%
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2
Q

What area does the the Languedoc AOC cover?

A

This regional appellation covers all of Languedoc & Roussillon, although not many Roussillon producers opt to use it.

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3
Q

What styles of wine are produced under the Languedoc AOC?

A
  • Dry White: blend of a wide variety of grapes
  • Rose: based on Grenache, Lledoner Pelut, Syrah & Mourvedre
  • Red: based on Grenache, Lledoner Pelut, Syrah & Mourvedre

These wines must be blends of at least two grape varieties.

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4
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted under the Languedoc AOC?

A

White:
* [P] Bourboulenc, Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Piquepoul Blanc, Roussanne, Tourbat, Vermentino
* [S] Carignan Blanc, Macabeu, Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc, Terret Blanc, Viognier, Rivairenc Blanc, Assyrtiko

Rose/Gris:
* [S] Grenache Gris, Carignan Gris, Clairette Rose, Piquepoul Gris, Rivairenc Gris, Terret Gris

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Lledoner Pelut, Mourvedre, Syrah
* [S] Carignan, Cinsaut, Counoise, Morrastel, Piquepoul Noir, Rivairenc, Terret Noir, Agiorgitiko, Calabrese, Marselan

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5
Q

How many DGCs can be added to the Languedoc AOC on the label?

A

11

  1. Cabrieres
  2. Gres de Montpellier
  3. La Mejanelle
  4. Montpeyroux
  5. Pezenas
  6. Quatourze
  7. Saint-Christol
  8. Saint-Drezery
  9. Saint-Georges-d’Orques
  10. Saint-Saturnin
  11. Sommieres
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6
Q

What styles of wine are produced under the DGCs of Languedoc AOC?

A

Red wines only.

Except, the following can also produce roses:
* Cabrieres
* Saint-Saturnin

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7
Q

Which 2 AOCs are noteworthy for solely making varietal white wines in the Languedoc?

A
  • Clairette du Languedoc AOC
  • Picpoul de Pinet AOC
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8
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Clairette du Languedoc AOC?

A
  • Dry White
  • Semi-Sweet White: max. 4.5% (45g/l) RS; rare
  • Fortified White: 0.9-4.0% (9-40g/l) RS; rare

All wines are made exclusively from the Clairette grape variety.

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9
Q

What topographical features influence the climate in Clairette du Languedoc AOC?

A

This appellation lies inland where:
* Mediterranean heat is mitigated by elevation (up to 990ft/300m) and
* Continental influences of the nearby Cevennes Mountains

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10
Q

What soil types are found in Clairette du Languedoc AOC?

A

Limestone

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11
Q

Where is Picpoul de Pinet AOC located?

A

The vineyards of this appellation descend to the large saltwater lake, Etang de Thau in the Languedoc - the only barrier between the vines and the sea.

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12
Q

What style of wine is produced in Picpoul de Pinet AOC?

A

Dry White

Made exclusively from Piquepoul

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13
Q

Where does Picpoul de Pinet AOC get its name?

A
  • “Picpoul” is the Occitan spelling of the grape, Piquepoul
  • Pinet is a village in the heart of the delimited zone of production
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14
Q

What influences the climate in Picpoul de Pinet AOC?

A
  • Year-round sea breezes moderate temperatures
  • Due to low altitude, and its situation near the sea, there is a very narrow diurnal temperature swing
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15
Q

How are grapes harvested in Picpoul de Pinet AOC?

A

By machine at night to bring slightly cooler fruit into the winery.

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16
Q

What percentage of production in Picpoul de Pinet AOC do co-ops account for?

A

80%

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17
Q

How are most wines in Picpoul de Pinet AOC produced?

A
  • Fermented in stainless steel
  • Bottled young to capitalize on the wine’s delicate citrus aromas

However, barrel-aged styles are also produced.

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18
Q

Which former DGCs of the Langudeoc AOC have recently gained independent AOC status?

A
  • Pic Saint-Loup AOC
  • Terrasses du Larzac AOC

They lie close to the Cevennes Mountains.

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19
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Pic Saint-Loup AOC?

A
  • Rose
  • Red

Wines must be a blend of at least two varieties, with Syrah always being one of them.

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20
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Pic Saint-Loup AOC?

A

Rose/Gris:
* [S] Grenache Gris

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre
* [S] Carignan, Cinsaut, Counoise, Morrastel

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21
Q

Describe the landscape in Pic Saint-Loup AOC.

A

It is dominated by two limestone outcroppings, the tilted block of Pin Saint-Loup and the Falaise de l’Hortus (Cliff of Hortus). The two face each other midst an expanse of garrigue, whose characteristic resinous aroma often manifests itself in the wines.

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22
Q

What is the climate in Pic Saint-Loup AOC?

A

More continental, despite being only 18.5mi/30km from the Mediterranean.
* Cold winters
* Warm summers
* Ample rain (up to 40in/1,000mm), most of which falls outside the growing season

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23
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Terrasses du Larzac AOC?

A

Red

Wines must be a blend of 3 varieties.
Typically, they are Syrah, Grenache, & Mourvedre

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24
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Terrasses du Larzac AOC?

A

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, Carignan
* [S] Cinsaut, Counoise, Lledoner Pelut, Morrastel, Terret Noir

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25
Q

What is the climate in Terrasses du Larzac AOC?

A

More continental (similar to Pic Saint-Loup).

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26
Q

How is it that Terrasses du Larzac AOC has some of the highest diurnal temperature swings in the Languedoc?

A

These vineyards are situated at the foot of the Larzac Plateau where it is not unusual to experience a 45°F/25°C diurnal temperature differential during the summer.
Cool air masses descend from the plateau in the evening hours.

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27
Q

What soil types are found in Terrasses du Larzac AOC?

A

A mix of clays & limestone.

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28
Q

What makes the wines of Terrasses du Larzac AOC high quality?

A

Most producers harvest grapes at much lower yields than the permitted maximum.

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29
Q

What percentage of the vineyards in Terrasses du Larzac AOC are organic?

A

50% (as of 2020)

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30
Q

Where is Faugeres AOC located?

A

This appellation is nestled within the foothills of the Cevennes Mountains, 12mi/20km north of Beziers.
Vineyard parcels are tucked in between woodland, garrigue & escarpments.

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31
Q

What factors influence the climate in Faugeres AOC?

A
  • Elevation (plantings lie at an average of 990ft/300m) tempers the heat
  • North winds tempers Mediterranean heat
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32
Q

What soil types are found in Faugeres AOC?

A

Schist

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33
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Faugeres AOC?

A
  • Dry White: Roussanne must be included
  • Rose
  • Red

All wines must be a blend of at least 2 varieties.
Overall production is predominantly red.

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34
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Faugeres AOC?

A

White:
* [P] Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne, Vermentino
* [S] Clairette, Viognier

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, Lledoner Pelut
* [S] Carignan, Cinsaut

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35
Q

Where are the vineyards of Saint-Chinian AOC planted?

A

At the foot of the Espinouse Mountains midst hills and escarpments at elevations up to 1,320ft/400m in the Languedoc.

The elevation helps mitigate heat.

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36
Q

What soil types are found in Saint-Chinian AOC?

A
  • Schist
  • Clay/limestone
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37
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Saint-Chinian AOC?

A
  • Dry White: Grenache Blanc is the most important variety for white wines
  • Rose
  • Red

The 3 main red varieties are: Grenache, Syrah & Mourvedre with a sizable contribution from Lledoner Pelut.
Most production is either red or rose.

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38
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Saint-Chinian AOC?

A

White:
* [P] Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne, Vermentino
* [S] Carignan Blanc, Clairette, Viognier

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, Lledoner Pelut
* [S] Carignan, Cinsaut

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39
Q

Name the 2 DGCs of Saint-Chinian AOC.

A
  • Berlou: Reds, typically from Grenache, Syrah & Mourvedre blends with a high percentage of the secondary grape Carignan
  • Roquebrun: Reds, predominantly from Grenache & Syrah

These are both found on schist soils.

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40
Q

Where is Minervois AOC located?

A

This appellation is situated north of the Canal du Midi between Carcassonne (to the west) and Narbonne (to the east) in the Languedoc.

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41
Q

What soil types are found in Minervois AOC?

A

Predominantly clay & limestone with pockets of sandstone.

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42
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Minervois AOC?

A
  • Dry White: must be min. 80% of the primary varieties
  • Rose
  • Red: tend to be Syrah-based with high proportions of Grenache & Mourvedre

The vast majority of production is red.

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43
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Minervois AOC?

A

White:
* [P] Bourboulence, Grenache Blanc, Macabeu, Marsanne, Rousanne, Vermentino
* [S] Clairette, Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc, Piquepoul Blanc, Terret Blanc

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, Lledoner Pelut
* [S] Cinsaut, Piquepoul Noir, Carignan, Rivairenc, Terret Noir

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44
Q

Where is La Liviniere AOC?

A

This AOC lies in the northern portion of the Minervois appellation in the foothills of the Montagne Noire.

Note: This AOC was previously named Minervois-La Liviniere AOC and has since had Minervois removed from the appellation name.

Errata 2022

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45
Q

What soil types are found in La Liviniere AOC?

A

Schist

46
Q

What style of wine is produced in La Liviniere AOC?

A

Red

Syrah, Grenache & Mourvedre form the backbone of the blends with Syrah taking the primary role.

47
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in La Liviniere AOC?

A

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Lledoner Pelut, Mourvedre
* [S] Cinsaut, Piquepoul Noir, Carignan, Rivairenc, Terret Noir

48
Q

Describe the landscape in La Clape AOC.

A

This appellation is one of the most beautiful & yet hostile locations for grape cultivation in Languedoc.
The landscape is dominated by the Massif de la Clape, a limestone outcrop sandwiched between the city of Narbonne & the sea.
This is one of the hottest, driest & sunniest parts of France.
The vines are constantly battered by winds, and the soil is nothing but stones.
Note: in the last 10 years, the area has gained a reputation for producing some of the best wines in the region.

49
Q

What styles of wine are produced in La Clape AOC?

A
  • Dry White: Based on Bourboulenc & Grenache Blanc
  • Red: Mainly Grenache, Syrah, & Mourvedre
50
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in La Clape AOC?

A

White:
* [P] Bourboulenc, Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne, Vermentino, Piquepoul
* [S] Macabeu, Terret Blanc, Viognier

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre
* [S] Carignan, Cinsaut

51
Q

Which non-regional appellatioin is the largest in the Languedoc?

A

Corbieres AOC
And the 4th largest by volume in France.
It covers 42,500ac/17,200ha of which 26,200/10,600ha are planted to the vine.

52
Q

Where does Corbieres AOC get its name?

A

From the jagged limestone hills that dominate the region.

53
Q

What soil types are found in Corbieres AOC?

A

Most vineyards are planted on limestone, but there is also:
* Schist
* Red Clay
* Galets
* Marl

54
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Corbieres AOC?

A
  • Dry White
  • Rose
  • Red

All styles of wine must be a blend of a least 2 varieties.
The over-whelming majority of production is Carignan-based red wine.

55
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Corbieres AOC?

A

White:
* [P] Bourboulenc, Grenache Blanc, Macabeu, Marsanne, Roussanne, Vermentino
* [S] Carignan Blanc, Clairette, Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc, Piquepoul Blanc, Terret Blanc, Viognier

Rose/Gris:
* [S] Grenache Gris

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, Carignan, Lledoner Pelut
* [S] Cinsaut, Piquepoul Noir, Terret Noir, Marselan

56
Q

Where is Boutenac AOC located?

A

This appellation lies within the Corbieres AOC and is nestled within the protective flanks of the Alaric Mountain to the west and the Massif de Fontfroide to the east.

Note: this AOC was previously called Corbieres Boutenac AOC but the Corbieres has been dropped.

Errata 2022

57
Q

What soil types are found in Corbieres Boutenac AOC?

A

Soils are varied:
* Iron-rich clay
* Limestone
* Galets

58
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Corbieres Boutenac AOC?

A

Red

No one variety can be more than 80% of the blend, but at least 30% must be Carignan.

59
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Corbieres Boutenac AOC?

A

Red:
* [P] Grenache, Mourvedre, Syrah, Carignan

60
Q

What are the non-contiguous zones of production for the Fitou AOC?

A
  • Fitou Maritime (close to the coast)
  • Haut Fitou (18mi/30km further inland, midst the mountains
61
Q

What soil types are found in Fitou AOC?

A
  • Fitou Maritime: clay/limestone
  • Haut Fitou: limestone/sandstone
62
Q

What style of wine is produced in Fitou AOC?

A

Red

Wines are typically Carignan & Grenache blends.

63
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Fitou AOC?

A

Red:
* [P] Carignan, Grenache
* [S] Mourvedre, Syrah

64
Q

Which appellation in the Languedoc is the only one where there is an equal split between Mediterranean & Atlantic varieties?

A

Cabardes AOC

The climate here has dual influences that allow for both types of grapes.

65
Q

What influences contribute to the winds in Cabardes AOC?

A

This is where the cooler Atlantic breezes meet the more temperate winds of the Mediterranean.
They blow alternately in an evenly divided struggle with neither triumphing over the other.

66
Q

What soil types are found in Cabardes AOC?

A
  • Limestone
  • Granite
  • Gneiss
67
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Cabardes AOC?

A
  • Rose
  • Red

Blends must consist of at least 40% Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and/or Cabernet Franc and at least 40% Grenache and/or Syrah.

68
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Cabardes AOC?

A

Red:
* [P] Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Grenache, Syrah
* [S] Cot, Fer Servadou, Cinsaut

69
Q

Which is the most westerly appellation of the Languedoc?

A

Malepere AOC

It is flatter & more open than the other Atlantic-influenced appellations of Cabardes & Limoux, but it is subject to the same cool westerly breezes.

70
Q

What soil types are found in Malepere AOC?

A

Limestone & clay

71
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Malepere AOC?

A
  • Rose: min. 40% Cabernet Franc (backbone)
  • Red

Atlantic varieties make up the majority of the red blends:
* min. 40% Merlot (backbone)
* min. 20% Cot and/or Cabernet Franc

72
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Malepere AOC?

A

Red:
* [P] Cabernet Franc, Merlot
* [S] Cot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cinsaut, Grenache, Lledoner Pelut

73
Q

Where is Limoux AOC located?

A

This appellation is located 22mi/35km southwest of Carcassonne in the Aude Valley in the Languedoc.
It is sheltered on three sides by two plateaus and the Pyrenees.

74
Q

What soils types are found in Limoux AOC?

A

Stony clay-limestone

75
Q

What styles of wines are produced in Limoux AOC?

A
  • Dry White: from Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc & Mauzac (all must be hand-harvested)
  • Red: primarily Merlot; Cot, Syrah and/or Grenache typically make up the balance (there must be min. 3 varieties in the blend and their proportions are stringently defined)
  • Sparkling White
76
Q

How are the white blended wines of Limoux AOC made?

A
  • from Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc & Mauzac
  • all grapes are hand-harvested
  • wines are barrel fermented
  • cannot be sold until May of the year after harvest
77
Q

Which Limoux AOC white wine represents some of the best to be produced in the Languedoc?

A

Limoux Chardonnay

Production is small, but the overall quality level is very high.

78
Q

How are red wines made in Limoux AOC?

A
  • Primarily Merlot
  • Cot, Syrah and/or Grenache make up the balance
  • min. 3 varieties in the blend (proportions are stringently defined)
  • grapes can be hand or machine harvested
  • wines are aged in tank or barrel until at least April 15 of the year after vintage

The best red Limoux is both vivacious & structured.

79
Q

Which sparkling wine claims to be the oldest in the world?

A

Blanquette de Limoux

80
Q

How is Blanquette de Limoux made?

A
  • Primarily Mauzac
  • Possible additions of small amounts of Chardonnay and/or Chenin Blanc
  • Wines are aged sur lie for 9 months
81
Q

How is Blanquette Methode Ancestrale made?

A
  • From 100% Mauzac
  • Finished with 6-7% alcohol
  • Min. 2 months aging
  • Has a delicate sweetness
82
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Cremant de Limoux AOC?

A
  • Sparkling White
  • Sparkling Rose
83
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Cremant de Limoux AOC?

A

White:
* [P] Chardonnay
* [S] Chenin Blanc, Mauzac Blanc

Red:
* [S] Pinot Noir

84
Q

What are the blending parameters for white sparkling wine from Cremant de Limoux AOC?

A

The typical blend is:
* 60% Chardonnay
* 30% Chenin Blanc
* 10% Mauzac

This is not a prescribed blend.
Most bottlings have a high proportion of Chardonnay.
Pinot Noir has recently been approved as a blending partner, so the “mix” is bound to start changing.

85
Q

How are rose sparkling wines produced in Cremant de Limoux AOC?

A

A min. 15% of Pinot Noir is added to the assemblage.

86
Q

Name the 4 Languedoc VDNs.

A
  • Muscat de Lunel AOC: min 11% (110g/l) RS
  • Muscat de Mireval AOC: min 11% (110g/l) RS
  • Muscat de Frontignan AOC: min 11% (110g/l) RS
  • Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois AOC: min. 12.5% (125g/l) RS
87
Q

What do all 4 of the VDN producing AOCs in Languedoc have in common?

A
  • 100% Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc
  • made in a reductive manner
  • Grapes are hand harvested
  • No irrigation is permitted
88
Q

Where is Muscat de Lunel AOC located?

A

This appellation is situated between Montpellier and Nimes and is the most easterly of the Langudoc Muscat AOCs.

89
Q

What soils are found in Muscat de Lunel AOC?

A

Rocky, with many galets

90
Q

What is the climate in Muscat de Lunel AOC?

A

Decidedly Mediterranean

91
Q

How early are the grapes in Muscat de Lunel AOC harvested and why?

A

Mid-August; due to the sun and reflected heat from the rocky soil

92
Q

What topographical feature helps mitigate the heat in Muscat de Mireval AOC & Muscat de Frontignan AOC?

A

The Mediterranean; sea breezes mitigate the heat.

93
Q

What soil types are found in Muscat de Mireval AOC?

A

Clay & limestone with a good sprinkling of galets.

94
Q

What commune is shared by Muscat de Mireval AOC and Muscat de Frontignan AOC?

A

Vic-la-Gardiole

Here, producers can choose whether to label their wine as Muscat de Mireval or Frontignan.

95
Q

Which is the oldest and largest of the Muscat VDNs in Languedoc?

A

Muscat de Frontignan AOC

96
Q

What soil types are found in Muscat de Frontignan AOC?

A

Predominantly clay & limestone, with an increasing percentage of sand in the mix as vineyards approach the sea.

97
Q

Which of the VDN producing AOCs of the Languedoc makes some of the most powerful Muscats?

A

Muscat de Frontignan AOC

98
Q

Where is Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois AOC located?

A

This appellation is located in the northeastern corner of Minervois.

99
Q

What is the climate in Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois AOC?

A

Continental influences due to elevation (825-990ft/250-300m).

100
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Muscat de Saint-Jean-de-Minervois AOC?

A

Very fragrant and floral with a higher level of acidity than their coastal counterparts.

101
Q

How many IGPs are there in the Languedoc?

A

20

Including regional:
* Pays d’Oc IGP (By far the most important IGP in Languedoc and in France

Departmental:
* Aude IGP

Local/Zonal:
* Cotes de Thongue IGP

102
Q

What styles of wine are produced under Pays d’Oc IGP?

A
  • Dry White
  • Rose
  • Red
  • Sweet White
103
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted in Pays d’Oc IGP?

A

White:
* [P] Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Viognier, Grenache Blanc, Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc, Vermentino, Colombard, Terret Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne & other indigenous varieties.

Rose/Gris:
* [P] Grenache Gris & others

Red:
* [P] Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, Carignan, Cinsaut, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc, Marselan & other indigenous & international varieties.

104
Q

How much area does the Pays d’Oc IGP cover?

A

Around half the planted area of Languedoc & Roussillon.

105
Q

How much wine is bottled under the Pays d’Oc IGP?

A

6.5 million hectolitres

(This is about half of Australia’s total production, or around one-third of that of the USA)

This is the largest and most exported IGP in France.

106
Q

What percentage of all French varietal wine is produced under Pays d’Oc IGP?

A

92%

107
Q

How many grape varieties are sanctioned under Pays d’Oc IGP?

A

58 (as of 2020)

Including newcomers:
* Albarino
* Caladoc (a Grenache x Malbec cross)

108
Q

What percentage of wine production under Pays d’Oc IGP is red, white, or rose?

A
  • 54% Red
  • 25% White
  • 21% Rose
109
Q

What are the most used grape varieties under Pays d’Oc IGP?

A
  • Red wines: Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, totaling over 80%
  • White wines: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Viognier, totaling nearly 85%
  • Rose wines: Grenache, Cinsaut, Syrah, totaling around 80%
110
Q

What production rules apply to Pays d’Oc IGP?

A
  • Requires tasting approval
  • Non-varietally labeled wines must consist of more than 50% primary grapes and less than 50% secondary grapes in each respective wine category
  • Wines can be labeled with several grape varieties if those varieties are principal grape varieties and if each constitutes at least 15% of the total
  • White grapes may be incorporated into red & rose wine if red & white grape varieties are fermented together and if the white grapes constitute no more than 20% of the final blend

French Wine Scholar (34 decks)

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