Language Development Flashcards
phonology
the systematic organisation of sounds in languages.
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a language, doesn’t carry meaning by itself but plays a crucial role in differentiating words.
morphology
It is the building block of words.
free morphemes - can stand alone
bound morphemes - must be attach to free morpheme to convey meaning
sematics
the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and texts. It deals with how language conveys meaning, how we interpret words and sentences, and how those meanings change depending on context, usage, and cultural background.
syntax
the structure of sentences and the rules that govern how words are arranged to convey meaning. In simpler terms, syntax is the set of rules that dictates how we put words together to form grammatically correct sentences in a language.
pragmatics
the rules and conventions that govern how language is used effectively and appropriately in communication. This includes understanding not just what words mean, but how they are used, when they are used, and why they are used.
children need to…
learn to
discriminate and produce sounds
combine sounds
understand word meaning
combine words into meaningful phrases
communicate effectively
turn taking
mother leaves space in speech for child to respond
even before baby has the ability to respond
child directed speech
slower
higher pitch
longer pauses
few direct corrections of grammar
expand on childs sentence or recast with a question
converstations
active not passive
talking to baby not TV
pre-linguistic stage 0 - 12m
neonates - prefer speech
3 days - prefer mothers vice
2 months - recognise phonemes spoken by different people
cooing at 2m
babbling at 4-6m
canonical babbling at 6-10m
one word stage 12 -18m
single words - holophrases
first word around 12 months, usually receptive, shortened or distorted
telegraphic stage 18 - 24m
strings of 2+ words appearing along with gestures
naming explosion
fast mapping of new words in 2 year
ability to link new words but over/under extension errors occur
preschool development 24m - 5y
grammatical development using morpheme and transformational rules
over regularisation errors at 3-4y
produce complex sentences and generate clear messages
school age development 5y+
syntactic development at 8, complex passive sentences understood
at 9 , over regularisations are corrected
metalinguistic development, understand the use of language and adjust speech according to context
social and contextual cues
social cues such as pointing to determine name of an object
processing constraints
object scope constraint, helps to determine which noun or object the verb is referring to
mutual exclusivity, each object has only one label so a new unfamiliar word must refer to a new object
syntactical cues
word order, subject-verb-object
grammatical marker, tense and plurals
bootstrapping - using structure of sentence to figure out the meaning of a new word
advantages of bilingualism
score higher on IQ tests than matched monolingual children
