gender development Flashcards
sex
biological differences between individuals who are genetically male or female
gender
used in discussion of male or female traits, these aren’t necessarily determined by biology
sex differences
different chromosomal structures determine different prenatal exposure to hormones
gender role standards
patterns of behaviour expected of different genders
gender role stereotypes
beliefs or perceptions within a society about what is typical for each gender
gender typing
socialisation porteuses by which a child becomes aware of being either a boy or girl, then learning to behave appropriately to their gender roles
from birth
boys and girls are treated differently
by age 1
discrimination between males and females
from age 2
prefer gender appropriate toys
differences in play style
most choose same sex playmates
at 2.5- - 3 years
acquire a sense of gender identity
can label themself as boys or girls
from 2 -3
show gender stereotyping
around age 4
understand gender is stable over the course of a lifetime
from 5-7
children learn that their sex will remain constant and cannot be changed by will
throughout childhood
children who conform with gender stereotypes are more popular with peers
primary school
younger children have very rigid gender stereotypes
older children are more flexible
puberty
attitudes towards sex and gender roles are more flexible
gender roles are still important, physical and emotional changes mean they try to incorporate gender into their identity
social learning theory
gender typing depends in differential reinforcement and observational learning
differential learning
e.g parent reinforce gender appropriate behaviours and scourge cross gender play
observational learning
closer gender differences in parents tasks = less gender typing in their children
Kohlberg
developed on paints cognitive development stages and linked them to gender role development
- gender identity 2 - 3 years
- gender stability approx. 4 years
- gender consistency 5-7 years
self socialisation, looking to same sex models to show them how to behave
gender schema theory
gender development is linked to changes in information processing abilities
gender schemas start to develop at 18 months and are fully developed by 2-3 years
children form gender schemas, which influence how they attend and process gender related information
biosocial theory
hormonal effects are most important prenatally
social interactions are most important form birth to puberty
hormonal effects are very important at puberty
Money
a male twin with images genitals Brough up as a girl
