Language cognition and communication in adults Flashcards
What 5 things does cognition comprise of?
Attention
Memory
Executive function
Interactions with sensory processing
Social cognition
What is executive function according to Brookshire?
Incorporates aspects of attention, memory, planning, reasoning, and problem solving to organise + regulate purposeful behaviour
What are the 7 levels of the communication chain?
What is social cognition?
How we operate together
note: can link to personality changes, think relationships
What are the 2 broad types of conditions the adult population can have that can affect LCandC?
Acquired
- stroke
- TBI
- progressive degenerative conditions (eg: dementia)
Developmental
What are the 2 approaches to studying language, cognition, and communication?
Individual and their mind/brain: medical model approach
Social interactions in everyday life: social model approach
What are 2 disorders that affect LCandC from neurological damage?
Aphasia (post-stroke, tumour)
Cognitive-linguistic disorders (TBI + dementia)
How does aphasia impair language processing?
Impairs how words are generated, impairs…
- auditory +reading comprehension
- spoken + written language production
At which ‘levels’ does aphasia affect language processing?
Single word level, sentence level, and how these are put together in discourse + conversation
Where can language breakdown occur for those with aphasia?
Meaning
Word form
What do those with cognitive-linguistic deficits have difficulty with? (5)
Word finding
Making inference & links
Abstract language
Remembering what info is shared (over/ under explaining)
Turn taking (reduced awareness)
What do those with cognitive-linguistic deficits fail to do? (5)
Self-correction, reliant on others for this
Start/maintain conversation
Ask for clarification
Read social cues
See other points of view
What do those with cognitive-linguistic deficits tend to have/do? (5)
Disorganised/confusing discourse
Topic bias (eg: stick/reverting to fav topic)
Repetitiveness
Perseveration (stuck on word/phrase/behaviour and can’t get past)
Confabulation (say something that isn’t true, individual believes it’s true in the moment)
What is the cognitive-linguistic function framework by Body & Perkins?
How do cognitive-linguistic disorders impact social interaction?
Where is damage in aphasia vs cognitive-linguistic disorder?
Aphasia: focal
CLD: diffuse
What is the cognitive status in aphasia vs cognitive-linguistic disorder?
Aphasia: usually good
CLD: impaired
What is the language status in aphasia vs cognitive-linguistic disorder?
Aphasia: impaired
CLD: variable
What is the communication status in aphasia vs cognitive linguistic disorder?
Aphasia: often better than language status
CLD: often worse than language status
What are the types of linguistic impairments contributing to communicative difficulties in aphasia vs cognitive-linguistic disorder?
Aphasia: lexical semantic + grammatical (not often pragmatic)
CLD: pragmatic (sometimes lexical semantic too)
What is the role of naturalistic observation for aphasia vs cognitive-linguistic disorder?
Aphasia: important for observing compensatory behaviours
CLD: important for observing impairments, and also compensatory behaviours
What is behaviour like in aphasia vs cognitive-linguistic disorder?
Aphasia: generally appropriate
CLD: may be ‘inappropriate’
What are the 3 functions of memory?
Putting information in
Holding information
Re-accessing information
What are 3 other words for ‘putting information in’ in regards to memory?
Acquisition
Input
Encoding
What are 3 other words for ‘holding information’ in regards to memory?
Consolidation
Storage
Maintenance
What are 4 other words for ‘re-accessing information’ in regards to memory?
Retrieval
Recall
Recognition
Manipulation
What are the 2 broad types of memory?
Working memory: short + limited
Long term memory (explicit): long + unlimited
What was working memory originally referred to as?
Short-term store/ short-term memory
- storage depot
- length of maintenance rehearsal determined likelihood of LT storage
How was working memory reconceptualised by Baddeley?
More emphasis on the nature of the processing mechanisms, than the time in ‘storage depot’
What is the contemporary construct of working memory?
Dynamic, active system that serves both maintenance + manipulation functions
Operates in multiple sensory-perception modalities
What is maintenance, in regards to working memory?
Mentally holding info for brief periods after the actual stimulus presentation is over
What is manipulation in regards to working memory?
Performing a mental operation on the info over and about maintenance
- takes more concentration, less instantaneous
What is Baddeley’s more recent model of working memory?
What is the phonological store/loop?
Speech based
Storage buffer
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Visuospatially based
Storage buffer
What is the central executive?
Modality free
Attention-like
Resource allocator
Linked to subsystems
Modality free
What is the episodic buffer?
Diverse information
Demanding of central executive
Holds, integrates, binds
What is explicit, declarative, long-term memory?
Revealed when performance requires conscious recollection of previous experiences
What are 2 important subtypes of LT memory?
Semantic: facts
Episodic: events over time
What are other subtypes of LT memory?
Defined by modality (eg: verbal vs spatial)
Defined by operation (eg: source memory, meta cognitive knowledge of when something entered memory)
How does explicit LT memory link to communication?
Stored information necessary for speech, language, literacy, social interaction
Eg: naming/identifying, recalling verbal sequences
- this involves a large capacity and LT storage
What is an example of a working memory assessment that involves speech and language?
Digit span immediate recall *forward & backwards tasks)
What is an example of a LT memory assessment that involves speech and language?
Word list / sentence / story recall after a longer interval (minutes, hours)
What is an example of a working memory and LT memory assessment that involves speech and language?
Verbal fluency tasks (eg: name as many animals as you can in 1 min)
- uses LTM to access stored items
- uses WM to monitor spoken items, and not repeat them
What is perception?
The elaboration + interpretation of a sensory stimulus based on knowledge
Eg: may hear sounds, but perceive speech
How are stimuli and cognitive processes involved in information processing?
What is attention?
The prioritisation of external/internal stimuli
Describes various behaviours + cognitive processes + states of being
What are the 2 concepts relating to attention?
Physical orientation: overt attention
Cognitive resource allocation: covert attention
What is physical orientation in relation to attention?
Moving as needed to put the sensory system within gathering range of the stimulus
What is cognitive resource allocation in relation to attention?
Filtering stimuli from sensory-perceptual input so certain elements are available for further processing
Diverting focus between cognitive processes to prioritise
Sustaining concentration over time
What is inattentional blindness, as investigated by Simons and Chabris?
Filtering in visual attention
- ppts asked to watch video and count number of ball passes between those in white shirts
- most reported number of ball passes from those in white shirts
- none reported number of ball passes from those in black shirts
- few reported seeing the gorilla
What is the lab experiment studying filtering auditory input?
Dichotomy listening technique + shadowing: one message to left ear, one to right ear
- listener repeated one message whilst both presented
- little recall from non-shadowed message
Initial belief that only the attended message was processed from sensory-perceptual input into memory
BUT experience improved recall of non-shadowed message (attention is a plastic, dynamic system)
Which test is used to measure attention?
Stroop tests
- speeded reading (fastest)
- speeded colour naming
- speeded ink colour identification (slowest)
What part of cognitive processing does overt physical orientation affect?
Sensory reception
What part of cognitive processing does covert filtering affect?
Perception
What part of cognitive processing does covert prioritising/diverting affect?
Memory + other higher order cognitive functions
