BIOMED 6 Flashcards by Kayla Chesler

What are the 7 parts of surface anatomy of the face?

Frontal bone
Orbit
Nasal bones + cartilages
Zygomatic (cheek bone)
Maxilla
Alveolar ridge
Mandible (jaw bone)

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How many bones are in the cranium/skull?

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What protects the brain? How many bones is it made up of?

Neurocranium: 8 bones
- frontal (1)
- parietal (2)
- temporal (2)
- occipital (1)
- sphenoid (1)
- ethmoid (1)

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What are the bones of the skull called? How many are there?

Viscerocranium: 14

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Name the bones of the viscerocranium

Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2) → turbinate
Vomer (1) → part of nasal septum
Zygomatic (2)
Maxilla (2) → lower cheek
Mandible (1)

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What does the left and right temporomandibular joints allow movement of?

Jaw in chewing + speaking

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What are the superficial muscles of mastication (masseter + temporalis) innervated by?

CN V → motor function from mandibular branch

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What are the 7 muscles of facial expression?

Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Lip elevator
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Lip depressors

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What is the main function of the muscles of facial expression?

Control structures of face: skin, eyes, nose, lips

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What are the 5 motor branches of the facial nerve?

Temporal branch → forehead
Zygomatic branch → eye
Buccal branch → lips, cheeks
Mandibular branch → lower lip
Cervical branch → platysma

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What is the platysma

Thin, superficial muscle from mandible to clavicle in anterior triangles of neck

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What are the 9 parts of surface anatomy of the neck?

Mandible
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Suprasternal notch
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Trapezius muscle

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What is an additional skeletal component of the neck? Why are these important?

Cervical vertebrae: attachment and rotation of skull

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What are the shapes and names of cervical vertebrae C1 and C2?

Atypical
C1: Atlas
C2: Axis

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How do C1 and C2 allow mobility of the skull?

C1 Atlas articulates with occipital condyles on base of skull to nod yes
C1 Atlas articulates with C2 Axis for rotation to shake no

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What are the triangles of the neck?

Topographic areas of the neck bounded by neck muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscle divides neck into 2 major neck triangles (anterior + posterior)

What are the 2 parts of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Medial attaches to sternum
Lateral attaches to clavicle

merges into single muscle, directed upwards + laterally, attached to mastoid process (on temporal bone)

What happens when the sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts on one side?

Tilts head on same side and turns face to opposite side

What happens when the sternocleidomastoid muscle right and left contract together?

Head pulled forward

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle play an important role in?

Posture of neck + body

What nerve fibres is the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), and where does it emerge from?

Motor
Emerges from C1-C4
Enters foramen magnum, then spinal part of nerve and travels down to neck muscles (supplies sternocleidomastoid + trapezius)

What is the most common cause of damage to the spinal accessory nerve?

Surgical trauma in neck / upper chest (particularly involving lymph)

What is the clinical test for function of the spinal accessory nerve?

Turn head + shrug shoulders against resistance

What are the 3 main structures in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscle
Carotid sheath

What does the suprahyoid muscle do?

Attaches hyoid bone to mandible Important in moving hyoid for speech + swallowing

What does the infrahyoid muscle do?

Attaches hyoid bone to sternum + thyroid cartilage + scapula

What is the carotid sheath?

Connective tissue (protective flexible strong) Contains major arteries to head + brain + neck

Which neurovascular structures does the carotid sheath surround?

Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve (CN X)

What are the 3 main structures in the posterior triangle of the neck?

External jugular vein - Clusters of lymph nodes run along Spinal accessory nerve (crosses to innervate trapezius)

What could be a problem with the clusters of lymph nodes that run along the external jugular vein in the posterior triangle of the neck?

Possible site of cancer spread from tumours in head/neck (may remove lymph nodes)

What is the main artery supplying the neck?

External carotid Major branch = superior thyroid artery (supplies part of thyroid gland + part of larynx)

Which veins drain blood from the head + neck?

Internal jugular veins (formed at base of skull) - run alongside internal + common carotid arteries Superficial face + scalp drained by smaller external jugular veins