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Speech and Language Therapy Y1 > Introduction to practical linguistics > Flashcards

Introduction to practical linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between tokens and types?

A

Tokens = how many words
Types = how many unique words

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2
Q

What is TTR?

A

Type token ratio
Type/token

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3
Q

What does a high TTR say?

A

Diverse vocabulary

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4
Q

What is a lexeme?

A

Basic lexical unit that comes in different forms
(eg: dog, dogs)

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5
Q

What is a mental lexicon?

A

List of words/phrases/idioms a person knows

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6
Q

Vocabulary is one of the most significant problems for which kinds of children?

A

Speech, language and communication needs (SLCN)

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7
Q

Which test looks at expressive language?

A

Naming selection / confrontation naming tests
“Tell me what this is”

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8
Q

Which test looks at receptive language?

A

Picture selection tests
“Can you point to the pen”

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9
Q

What are the 6 principles of selection for words and non-words?

A

Imageability
Familiarity/frequency
Age of acquisition
Length (phonemes/ syllables / spelling)
Neighbourhood density
Non words: sound/spelling regularity

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10
Q

What is imageability (principle of selection)?

A

Ensuring word isn’t abstract

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11
Q

How is the familiarity/frequency of words found out (principle of selection)?

A

TTR
Databases

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12
Q

Why is age of acquisition (principle of selection) important?

A

Words acquired earlier are more likely to be preserved in aphasia

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13
Q

What is neighbourhood density?

A

Number of words that differ from a word by one phoneme

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14
Q

What is an example of spelling/sound regularity for non-words?

A

Zeak = peak
Zeak ≠ break

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15
Q

What are pseudo words?

A

Not real but obey structural rules of English

(eg: Frex, not Frxe)

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16
Q

What are semantic fields?

A

Words linked in a mental lexicon in terms of their relatedness in meaning

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17
Q

What are 2 forms of evidence for semantic fields?

A

Speech errors (eg: fork for spoon)
Aphasia (selective impairments of categories eg: proper names)

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18
Q

What do you call words that belong to the same semantic field?

A

Semantic associates

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19
Q

What are sense relations?

A

Semantic relationships between words, directly or indirectly, that gives them meaning

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20
Q

What is synonomy?

A

Lexemes are synonyms if one can be substituted for the other (in context) without affecting the meaning of the sentence

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21
Q

Give an example of synonymy

A

He will FIX / REPAIR the road

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22
Q

Although it doesn’t really exist, what is absolute synonymy?

A

Lexemes have the same descriptive, expressive, and social meaning in all contexts

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23
Q

Give 2 example of absolute synonymy

A

Flannel : face cloth
Moan : whinge

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24
Q

What is hyponymy?

A

The relationship between a member of a set and the name of that set

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25
Q

What is the hyponym?

A

Set member (eg: pine, oak, willow)

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26
Q

What is the hypernym?

A

The set (eg: tree)

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27
Q

How do you test hyponymy?

A

1 way entailment test
Eg: all tigers are animals, but not all animals are tigers

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28
Q

How do clinical resources test hyponymy?

A

Semantic fluency tasks (eg: name as many items of clothing as you can)
Phonemic fluency tasks (eg: name as many words that start with P)

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29
Q

What are the 4 types of antonymy (opposition)?

A

Complementary antonyms
Gradable antonyms
Directional antonyms
Converses (relational antonyms)

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30
Q

What are complementary antonyms? Give an eg

A

Assertion of one entails denial of other (if A, not B)
Eg: dead : alive

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31
Q

What are gradable antonyms? Give eg

A

Relative, not absolute
Eg: old : young
Eg: hot, hotter, hottest

Can be modified by intensifiers (eg: very)

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32
Q

What are directional opposites? Give eg

A

Relative to a spatial/temporal reference point (real/imagined, moveable)
Eg: above : below
Eg: yesterday : tomorrow

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33
Q

What is a specific type of directional opposites?

A

Reversives: verb pairs
Eg: rise : fall
Eg: enter : leave

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34
Q

What are converses/relational antonyms? Give eg

A

One presupposes the other
Eg: mother : child
Eg: boss : employee

Can sometimes be from directional/reversive set, but can’t do one w/o other
Eg: buy : sell
Eg: borrow : lend

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35
Q

What is word decomposition?

A

Analysing complex word meanings into basic meaning components (semantic primes)

eg: Princess -> royal + female

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36
Q

What is a componential analysis?

A

Identifies semantic features of word

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37
Q

What are kinship terms?

A

Terms to refer to member of family

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38
Q

What are homonyms?

A

Words identical in pronounciation + spelling, but dif meaning

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39
Q

What are homographs?

A

Only ambiguous in spelling, distinct spoken form

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40
Q

What are homophones?

A

Identical pronunciation, distinct spelling

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41
Q

What is polysemy?

A

Different meanings of an ambiguous word somewhat related

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42
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Words broken down into smaller units of meaning

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43
Q

What is morphology?

A

Level of organisation below the word

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of morphemes?

A

Free
Bound

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45
Q

What are free morphemes?

A

Can occur on their own

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46
Q

What are bound morphemes?

A

Morphemes that can’t exist on their own, can only function as parts of words (affixes)

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47
Q

What are roots?

A

Type of morpheme that expresses main meaning of word

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48
Q

Can free roots stand alone?

A

Yes as free morphemes

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49
Q

Give an example of a bound root?

A

Struct:
(construct, structure)

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50
Q

What are compound words? Give an eg

A

When free morphemes combine
Windmill

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51
Q

What are the 3 types of affixes?

A

Prefix
Suffix
Infix (not found in English)

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52
Q

What are the 2 types of bound morphemes?

A

Derivational
Inflectional

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53
Q

What do inflectional morphemes do?

A

Express grammatical meaning

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54
Q

What are the 9 suffixes for inflectional morphemes (table)?

A
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55
Q

What do derivational morphemes do? Specifically prefixes and suffixes?

A

Make new words

Derivational prefixes: change meaning
Derivational suffixes: change word class

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56
Q

What are 4 examples of how derivational prefixes change meaning (table)?

A
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57
Q

What are 5 examples of how derivational suffixes change word class (table)?

A
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58
Q

What is the productivity of a morpheme?

A

Likelihood of it being applied to new roots to…
create new words (derivational)
create new word forms (inflectional) -> more productive, less selective

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59
Q

What are the 2 broad categories for parts of speech?

A

Function/ grammatical/ closed class words
Content/ lexical/ open class words

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60
Q

What are the 5 types of function/grammatical/closed class words?

A

Determiners
Pronouns
Prepositions
Auxiliary verbs
Conjunctions

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61
Q

What are the 4 types of content/lexical/open class words?

A

Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs

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62
Q

What does it mean for a word to be open class?

A

Can continue to make new words (neologisms)

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63
Q

What is a practical reason to know the distinction between content and function word class?

A

Aphasia can affect one word class more seriously than others

64
Q

What is an example of existing words belonging to >1 part of speech?

A

Fast: V + N + Adj + Adv
All four versions are different lexemes

65
Q

How do you identify parts of speech?

A

Some memorisation: islands of reliability
Form based criteria: suffixes + distribution

66
Q

What does heuristic mean in regards to parts of speech?

A

Rule of thumb that frequently gives right answer, but may be wrong and need to consider other information

67
Q

What are some islands of reliability?

A

Prepositions: know a determiner + noun is coming
A An Your Its Our Their : always determiners

68
Q

What is the definition of a noun?

A

Person, place, or thing

69
Q

What are 2 common affixes for nouns?

A

-s (plural
-tion (

70
Q

What is distributional evidence for nouns?

A

Preceded by determiners / prepositions

Often last word in sentence

Who/what test: noun answers it
eg: curiosity killed the cat. what killed the cat? curiosity

71
Q

What is the purpose of determiners?

A

Serve to delimit the referent of the noun

72
Q

What are the 3 different types of determiners?

A

Definite and indefinite articles (the, a)
Possessive determiners (eg: my, her, our) -> can also be pronouns
Demonstrative determiners (eg: this that, those) -> can also be pronouns

73
Q

What is distributional evidence for determiners?

A

Precede nouns

Substitution test: use known determiner in place of X
eg: the cat ate THIS plant
the cat ate the plant
THIS is a determiner
eg: the cat at THIS
the cat ate the
THIS isn’t a determiner

74
Q

What is the purpose of prepositions?

A

Express spatial/temporal relationship

75
Q

What are some frequently used prepositions

A
76
Q

What are the 2 types of verbs?

A

Lexical/ full/ main verbs
Auxiliary verbs

77
Q

What is the definition of lexical/ full/ main verbs?

A

Doing words

78
Q

What are suffixation evidence for lexical verbs?

A

-ise
-ed
-en
-ify
-s (BUT can also mark plural so be careful!)

79
Q

What is distributional evidence for verbs?

A

Obligatory to make a good sentence

Preceded by noun

Cannot be preceded just by a determiner

80
Q

What is the purpose of an auxiliary verb?

A

Provides grammatical support for lexical verbs?

81
Q

What are the 2 types of auxiliary verbs?

A

Primary
Modal

82
Q

What are the 3 primary auxiliary verbs?

A

To be
To have
To do

Copula verbs: can be full or auxiliary
- can be contractible (I’m)

83
Q

What 4 things can model auxiliary verbs convey information about?

A

Likelihood
Probability
Possibility
Permissibility

84
Q

What is distributional evidence for auxiliary verbs?

A

Occurs before the main verb

‘Not’ goes between Aux and V

Move / inserted to make questions
She is going. IS she going?

85
Q

What is the definition of a pronoun?

A

Replacement/substitute for nouns

86
Q

What are the 7 different types of pronouns?

A

Personal
Possessive
Demonstrative
Interrogative
Indefinite
Relative
Reflexive

87
Q

What are the different parts of personal pronouns?

A

First/second/third person
Singular/plural
Subjective or objectice

Note: gender

88
Q

What is anaphora?

A

Pronouns referring back to something mentioned earlier in the sentence

89
Q

What does personal pronoun form depend on?

A

Gender of antecedent
Grammatical role

90
Q

What is distributional evidence for possessive pronouns?

A

Ends sentence
eg: the bat is MINE

≠ pos determiners, can’t end sentence
eg: that is MY bat

91
Q

What do demonstrative pronouns do?

A

Point to something

92
Q

What do interrogative pronouns do?

A

Wh- words
For when full form isn’t known
eg: WHO will stop this madness

93
Q

What are examples of indefinite pronouns?

A

No one
Someone
Anything
Everybody

94
Q

What do relative pronouns do?

A

Use of wh-words to introduce (relative) clauses
eg: give it to the man WHO is wearing the hat

95
Q

What are reflexive pronouns?

A

-self
eg: Eric sent a photo of himself

96
Q

What is the purpose of adjectives?

A

Modifys noun

97
Q

What is suffixation evidence for adjectives?

A

-ic
-ish
-ive
-ory
-y

(all very productive)

98
Q

What is distributional evidence for adjectives?

A

Between determiner and noun
After verb

99
Q

What is the order of adjectives?

A

Opinion
Size
Age
Shape
Colour
Origin
Material
Purpose

100
Q

What is the purpose of adverbs?

A

Modify verbs / adjectives / other adverbs

101
Q

What is suffixation evidence for adverbs?

A

Unreliable…

Often describe time/place/manner

Indicates degree/amount (eg: very, extremely, less)

102
Q

What is the purpose of conjunctions?

A

Hooking up words + phrases + clauses

103
Q

What are the 2 types of conjunctions?

A

Coordinating
Correlative
Subordinating

104
Q

What are coordinating conjunctions?

A

Links together chunks of the same kind

and
but
or

105
Q

What are correlative conjunctions?

A

Pairs of words that connect 2 parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal

eg:
either/or
both/and
not only/but also

106
Q

What are subordinating conjunctions?

A

Marks one chunk as lesser then/dependent on the other

107
Q

What is sentence level meaning?

A

Whole > sum of parts
Different forms express different meanings
Different forms can express the same meaning

108
Q

What is propositional meaning?

A

Who’s doing what to whom
ie- what does the whole thing mean

109
Q

What are the 2 roles in sentence level meaning?

A

Semantic
Grammatical

110
Q

What are the 7 semantic roles in sentence level meaning

A

Agent
Patient
Instrument
Beneficiary
Experiencer
Source
Goal

111
Q

What is the agent?

A

Deliberately performs actions

LUCY baked cookies

112
Q

What is the patient?

A

Receives/undergoes an action

Lucy baked COOKIES

113
Q

What is the instrument?

A

What’s used to achieve the action

The cookies baked in the OVEN

114
Q

What is the beneficiary?

A

Who receives something from the action

Lucy baked TRACI a cake

115
Q

What is the experiencer?

A

Who receives emotional/sensory input

PATRICK enjoyed the cake

116
Q

What is the source?

A

Starting point of an action

Harry came from THE STORE

117
Q

What is the goal?

A

End point of an action

I returned HOME

118
Q

What 2 roles does ‘verb’ play in linguistics?

A

POS label
Grammatical role

119
Q

What is the English default word order?

A

Subject verb object (SVO)
- grammatical roles

120
Q

How do semantic roles and grammatical roles interact?

A

Agents = subject : patients = object
→ active sentence

Patients = subject : agents = object
→ passive sentence

121
Q

What type of word in English tells the grammatical form?

A

Personal pronouns- case marking

122
Q

How is case marking with pronouns changing?

A

Before… who/whom
Now… who/who

123
Q

What is reversibility?

A

Sometimes… lexical semantics of words fulfilling semantic roles allows you to swap them

  • humans/animals can be agents or patients
124
Q

Who can reversible passives cause problems for?

A

All typically developing young children
Some with languages difficulties (esp aphasia) -> learnt ability goes away

125
Q

Why does reversible passives cause problems for certain groups?

A

Expectation/preference/default for subject = agent

eg: Lucy was kissed by Jane MISUNDERSTOOD AS Lucy kissed Jane

126
Q

What are some examples of syntax and semantic contradiction?

A

The ugly woman was very beautiful
Every child got a prize except one
- no one argues with this, though maybe autistics?

127
Q

What is syntactic ambiguity?

A

Uncertain on paper, but solved via speech

eg: Put the box on the table by the window in the kitchen

128
Q

What is a phrase?

A

Word / string of words acting like a unit
Can be embedded within each other to form larger phrases

129
Q

What are the 2 ways to test if words are a phrase?

A

Transposition: can it move around?
Substitution: one word substituted for group of words?

130
Q

What are the 5 types of phrases?

A

Noun phrase (NP)
Prepositional phrase (PP)
Adjective phrase (AdjP)
Adverb phrase (AdvP)
Verb phrase (VP)

131
Q

What are the 4 criteria for a noun phrase?

A

Head is a noun
Requires pre-modifying by Det (unless plural)
- can be pre-modified by embedded AdjP
- can be post-modified by PP

132
Q

What are the 4 criteria for a prepositional phrase?

A

Head is a preposition
Requires post-modification by a NP
- can post-modify a NP (put the box on the table in the kitchen)
- can stand alone (put the box on the table)
→ note: links to syntactic ambiguity, can only understand from context / intonation / pausing

133
Q

What are the 3 criteria for an adjective phrase?

A

Head is an adjective
- usually embedded in/modifies a NP
- can be pre-modified by Adv

134
Q

What are the 3 criteria for an adverb phrase?

A

Head is an adverb
Modifies a verb
- can be pre-modified by Adv

135
Q

Often, AdjP and AdvP are just…

A

1 word

136
Q

What are the 3 criteria for a verb phrase?

A

Head is a verb
- may refer to Aux + Main V only
- may refer to verb and all that comes after it (predicate)

137
Q

Which is the only type of phrase that cannot consist of just the head?

A

Prepositional phrase

138
Q

What is a clause?

A

Phrases held together by a verb
- every clause has one VP

139
Q

What functions do other phrase types (NP, AdjP, AdvP, PP) perform in a clause?

A

Subject
Object
Complement
Adverbial

140
Q

What is a distinguisher between a complement and an adverb?

A

Complement is often obligatory, adverbial often optional

141
Q

How many main verbs are in a clause?

A

Exactly 1
- can be preceded by auxiliaries

note: sentences can contain >1 main verb

142
Q

What are subjects as a function in a clause?

A

Gramatical function
Subject NPs replaced by subjective pronouns
Subject and verb must agree in number (verb in charge of sentence) :morphosyntax
eg: My cat likes dogs NOT my cat like dogs
eg: My cats like dogs NOT my cats likes dogs

143
Q

What can happen to the subject when combining sentences?

A

Can be deleted

Eg: The flood wrecked the house. The flood carried off many cars.
The flood wrecked the house and [] carried off many cars.

144
Q

What’s the difference between direct and indirect objects?

A

Direct: NPs + replaced by objective pronouns
- undergoes action expressed in verb

Indirect: NPs (replaced by objective pronouns) or PPs
- usually some benefit for IO

145
Q

Give an example of sentences with direct and indirect objects

A

Traci baked Patrick(IO) some cookies (DO)
Traci baked him(IO) some cookies (DO)
Traci baked them(DO) for him(IO)
?Traci baked him them
? Traci gave them him, Traci gave him them

note: IO generally require some recourse to semantics…

146
Q

What are 2 other words for subject complements?

A

Predicate nominatives
Predicate adjectives

147
Q

What are complements for verbs?

A

Copular verbs (linking verbs)
Don’t denote actions just connects phrases

eg: Roy IS the new teacher

148
Q

What are NP or AdjP or PP subject complements?

A

Refers to a property of the subject + verb is copular

eg: Roy is THE NEW TEACHER
eg: She seems HAPPY
eg: Charlotte appeared IN A STATE

149
Q

What are object complements?

A

Verb already has a direct object
Phrase refers to same entity as DO/specifics property of DO

150
Q

Give examples of object complements?

A

Godzilla crushed the town FLAT
He painted the ceiling BLUE
- often AdjP but can be NP, though very context dependent…
The voters elected him TREASURER

151
Q

What are adverbials?

A

Info about direction/time/place/manner expressive by the verbal element
Grammatical function, not POS
Can be AdvP / NP / PP

152
Q

Give an example of an AdvP fulfilling the adverbial function in a clause

A

He eats SLOWLY

153
Q

Give an example of an NP fulfilling the adverbial function in a clause

A

We visited France LAST CHRISTMAS

154
Q

Give an example of a PP fulfilling the adverbial function in a clause

A

I met him OUTSIDE THE BANK

155
Q

How can you tell if the function is adverbial?

A

Ask where to/from / how / when with verb

Speech and Language Therapy Y1 (3 decks)

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