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Speech and Language Therapy Y1 > Biomedical sciences > Flashcards

Biomedical sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of internal + external structures of the body, and the physical relationship among body parts

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the functions and activities of structures of the body (cells, tissues and organs) and of the physical and chemical changes involved

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of anatomy?

A

Regional
Systems
Surface

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4
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

How different body structures work together in a particular region of the human body

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5
Q

What is systems anatomy?

A

The anatomy of a body system e.g.
cardiovascular system in relation to the head and neck

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6
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

The study of anatomical landmarks that can be identified by observing the surface of the body in a particular area

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7
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study and diagnosis of a disease

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8
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The specific cause of a disease at the cell or tissue level

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9
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The abnormalities of a disease (the pathogenesis) – how this affects normal physiology, often causing illness

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10
Q

What is embryology?

A

The science of the development of an embryo from the fertilisation of the ovum to the foetal stage

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11
Q

Give 3 reasons why anatomical terms are used

A
  1. Form of standardisation across health professionals
  2. Describes anatomy so it’s easy to understand no matter direction/ position of organism and limbs
  3. Avoids confusion as organisms can rake on dif positions, changing relative placement
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12
Q

What is the standard position of reference?

A

S- standing upright
P- palms facing forward
A-arms straight
F- facing forward
F- feet together + parallel
T- toes pointing forward

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13
Q

What do directional terms allow?

A

Description of an anatomical position by comparing location relative to other structures / within the body

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14
Q

What are the 7 main directional terms?

A

Anterior (ventral) VS posterior (dorsal)
Superior (cranial) VS interior (caudal)
Medial VS lateral
Proximal VS distal
Deep VS superficial
Bilateral VS unilateral
Ipsilateral VS contralateral

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15
Q

What is anterior / posterior?

A

Anterior- towards the front
Posterior- towards the back

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16
Q

What is superior / inferior?

A

Superior- upper, towards the head
Inferior- lower, away from the head

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17
Q

What is medial / lateral?

A

Medial- towards the midline
Lateral- away from the midline

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18
Q

What is proximal / distal?

A

Proximal- toward/nearest the trunk (point of origin)
Distal- away from/farthest from the trunk (point of origin)

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19
Q

What is deep / superficial?

A

Deep- farther from the surface of the body
Superficial- closer to the surface of the body

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20
Q

What is unilateral / bilateral?

A

Unilateral- on one side of the body
Bilateral- on both sides of the body

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21
Q

What is ipsilateral / contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral- same side of the body
Contralateral- opposite side of the body

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22
Q

What are anatomical planes?

A

Sections/slices of the body or organs

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of anatomical planes?

A

Frontal (coronal)
Sagittal
Transverse

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24
Q

How does the frontal/coronal plane divide the body or organ?

A

Anterior and posterior

25
Q

How does the sagittal plane divide the body or organ?

A

Left and right

26
Q

How does the transverse plane divide the body or organ?

A

Superior and inferior

27
Q

What are the 9 levels of organisation in the human body?

A

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecule
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

28
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic living units
Smallest subdivision able to carry out life processes
Contains organelles
Specialised for specific physiological roles

29
Q

How do different types of cells exist?

A

Cell differentiation from stem cells in embryonic development

30
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells adapted to specific functions

31
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cells?

A

Totipotent embryonic
Pluripotent embryonic
Multipotent (still have as adults)

32
Q

How are specialised tissues formed? Give an example

A

Specialised cells work together
Neuron -> nervous tissue -> brain -> nervous system

33
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structure with a specific cell function

34
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Separates and transports molecules in/out of the cell

35
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules + microfilaments + centrosome for support and movement

36
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly like fluid containing organelles + dissolved molecules

37
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA, arranged in chromosomes
Contains the nucleolus (where ribosomes made, helps make proteins)
Membrane bound by nuclear envelope with small pores

38
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

They metabolise glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP for energy: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
Also contains small amount of DNA

39
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Site of protein folding after being synthesised on
ribosomes

40
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Site of lipid synthesis

41
Q

What is the golgi body?

A

Where proteins are sorted + transported to other parts of the cell/outside the cell

42
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Break down old organelles

43
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

The phospholipid bilayer

44
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Barrier around all cells, separates outside and inside of the cell
Controls movement of substances in/out of cell
Keeps atoms + molecules at optimum concentrations in/out of cell, protects internal envrionement

45
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer made of?

A

2 layers of phospho-lipid molecules

46
Q

Describe phosphate heads

A

Hydrophilic (attracted to water) so face outward towards cytoplasm or extracellular fluid

47
Q

Describe lipid tail

A

Hydrophobic (repelled by water) so face inward to eachother

48
Q

How permeable are cell membranes?

A

Selectively permeable

49
Q

What are cell membranes permeable to?

A

Gases cross rapidly (eg: O2)
Molecules made of lipid cross rapidly (eg: testosterone)
Small polar (partly charged) molecules cross slowly (eg: water)

50
Q

What are cell membranes impermeable to?

A

Large polar molecules as hydrophilic, repelled by hydrophobic lipids (eg: glucose)
Ions (charged) repelled by hydrophobic lipids (eg: Na+)

51
Q

What do membrane proteins do?

A

Control transport of ions + larger molecules in/out of cells
Allow cell-cell communication

52
Q

What are the 4 main types of membrane proteins?

A

Channel protein
Carrier protein
Glycoprotein
Receptor protein

53
Q

How does cholesterol (a lipid) help the cell membrane?

A

Provides rigidity/support

54
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

55
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of larger/ charged molecules using
membrane proteins

56
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The passive movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration (more dilute) to a region of lower concentration (more concentrated) across the partially/selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes

57
Q

Why does osmosis matter in the human body?

A

Important to keep ion + water concentrations
equal (isotonic) inside and outside the cell

58
Q

What happens if the solution outside cells becomes hypotonic (watery)?

A

Water will diffuse by osmosis into the cells

59
Q

What happens if the solution outside cells becomes hypertonic (less watery)?

A

Water will diffuse by osmosis out of the cells

Speech and Language Therapy Y1 (3 decks)

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