Language and Problems - Week 11

Question 1

verbal behavior

Answer 1

a matter of reinforcing language-like utterances and not reinforcing/punishing non-language

Question 2

verbal overshadowing effect

Answer 2

words and word-choice can over-write the perception

Question 3

semantics and syntax

Answer 3

semantics is the meaning given, while syntax is the structure. there can be a 1:1, a 2:1, or a 1:2 depending on the sentence given

Question 4

syntax

Answer 4

the grammatical arrangement of words within a sentence

Question 5

morphology

Answer 5

the structure and organization of morphemes within a language

Question 6

phonology

Answer 6

the systematic use of sound in the generation of language

Question 7

pragmatics

Answer 7

relates to the implicit social rules involved in language

Question 8

phonemes

Answer 8

the basic building blocks of language

Question 9

morphemes

Answer 9

the smallest unit to which language can be ascribedph

Question 10

phonemic restoration effect

Answer 10

phoneme missing due to communication drop out
*silence doesn’t lead to restoration

Question 11

transitional probabilities

Answer 11

certain parts of sounds are more likely to belong together in the same word while others are more likely to belong to different words

Question 12

word frequency effect

Answer 12

we process more frequent words faster

Question 13

context effect

Answer 13

context dependent; words are quicker processed when they can be grouped together in the same context

Question 14

lexical ambiguity

Answer 14

multiple interpretations of words can be available at once

Question 15

phoneme exchange

Answer 15

takes place when a consonant-vowel pair can be replaces with one another (car park –> par cark)

Question 16

word exchange

Answer 16

full and lawful exchanges. typically noun for noun or verb for verb

Question 17

word substitution

Answer 17

words are replaced when they are of the same category and similar phoneme

Question 18

language development

Answer 18

1) cooing
2) babbling
3) language-specific utterances
4) telegraphic speech

Question 19

N400

Answer 19

modulates as a function of semantic congruency

Question 20

P600

Answer 20

modulates as a function of syntactic congruency

Question 21

insight problems

Answer 21

the restructuring of a problem can lead to its solution

Question 22

non-insight problems

Answer 22

require a process from start to finish

Question 23

functional fixedness

Answer 23

fixating on problems that have similar elements with the assumption that they’ll be completed in the same way. this can be solved when novel functions for objects is developed

Question 24

situationally produced mental set

Answer 24

using the same set to solve problems when they typically aren’t the best or will lead to difficulties

Question 25

means-end analysis

Answer 25

the breakdown of large problems into more manageable portions

Question 26

reverse engineering

Answer 26

working backwards from the goal state towards the initial state

Question 27

analogy

Answer 27

the identification of structural rather than surface similarity between problems might help to generate solutions

Question 28

IDEAL

Answer 28

identify the problem
define the problem
explore the problem
act on the problem
look back at the problem

Question 29

creativity

Answer 29

the generation of novel ideas or connections between existing things.

primarily manifests in divergent thinking in regards to ill-defined problems

*8 hours of sleep aids in problem solving