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Language and Age Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

McCaulay - 1991

A

The use of glottal stops in place of the “t” is common amongst those of the economically disadvantaged working class

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2
Q

Labov - 2001 - “Principle of Transmission”

A
  • At a stage in their lives, children learn that glottal stops are associated with lower economic status in the wider community
  • Because of this, there is pressure to prevent the use of glottal stops after adolescence
  • However, since they are class-insensitive, children cannot be stopped from learning the glottal stop variant during childhood
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3
Q

Labov - 2001 - “Age Grading”

A
  • The use of stable sociolinguistic variables, or features not undergoing any linguistic change
  • Age-graded changes recur at a particular age in successive generations and are regular and predictable
  • These changes are thought to mark development or maturational changes in in an individual’s life
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4
Q

Age Grading - Standard Forms

A

Between the age of 30 and 55, there is the greatest use of standard forms as the pressure to meet social norms and gain prestige is at its greatest

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5
Q

Holmes - 1992 - Non-Prestigious Age Grading

A

Non-prestigious age-graded features are common amongst adolescents, when “pressure not to conform to society’s norms is at its greatest”

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6
Q

Eckert - 1997 - Chronological Age

A

Years from birth

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7
Q

Eckert - 1997 - Social Age

A

A person’s place at a given time in relation to social order. This can relate to:

  • socialising with friends
  • being a young carer
  • spending time around strangers or in public areas
  • the social ages of people you interact with
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8
Q

Eckert - 1997 - Biological Age

A

Physical maturity, eg. puberty, dementia

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9
Q

Jenny Cheshire

A

Both adult and child language develops in response to important life events that affect social relationships and attitudes

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10
Q

Douglas Bigham - 2010 - “Emerging Adulthood”

A

Post-18, most big life events happen and thus make the biggest impact on sociolects

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11
Q

Gary Ives

A
  • Asked case study candidates (17 year old students) what they remembered about playground slang
  • The candidates commented on some playground games, but had trouble remembering specific words
  • In their opinion, common words in their lexicon were linked by informal register, with taboo and dialect being most prevalent
  • They all agreed that they used slang and believed it was particular to their age group
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12
Q

Issue with Gary Ives’ theory

A

All 63 candidates were from the same school in West Yorkshire

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13
Q

Anna-Brita Stenstrom - 2014

A

Teen conversation includes:

  • irregular turn-taking
  • overlaps
  • indistinct articulation (mumbling)
  • word shortenings
  • teasing and name-calling
  • verbal duelling (friendly banter)
  • slang
  • taboo
  • language mixing
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14
Q

Eckert - 2003 - Slang

A

Slang is used to establish a connection to youth culture and signify “coolness”

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15
Q

Christopher V Odato - 2013 - “Like” (Stage one)

A

Children use “like” frequently, mainly at the beginning of a clause

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16
Q

Christopher V Odato - 2013 - “Like” (Stage two)

A

Children use “like” more often and in a greater number of ways. Girls reach this age at about 5, boys around 7

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17
Q

Christopher V Odato - 2013 - “Like” (Stage three)

A

“Like” is used much more frequently and in a range of positions. Girls again move to this stage earlier than boys

18
Q

Ignacio Palacios Martinez - 2011

A
  • Teenagers use more negatives than adults do
  • Approximately one third of negatives occur in orders, suggestions and refusals
  • Teenagers are more direct in their speech, whereas adults are more conscious of not offending
19
Q

Anna-Brita Stenstrom, Gisle Anderson and Ingrid Kristine Hasund - 2002

A

Non-standard grammatical features in the language of 14-16 year old children in London include:

  • Multiple negation
  • Use of “ain’t”
  • Ellipsis
  • Auxiliary verbs
  • Non-standard pronouns (eg.”theirselves”)
20
Q

Coupland Et Al

A

Mentions of elderly age are often either done so as a source of pride or a reason for non-participation

21
Q

The use of glottal stops in place of the “t” is common amongst those of the economically disadvantaged working class

A

McCaulay - 1991

22
Q
  • At a stage in their lives, children learn that glottal stops are associated with lower economic status in the wider community
  • Because of this, there is pressure to prevent the use of glottal stops after adolescence
  • However, since they are class-insensitive, children cannot be stopped from learning the glottal stop variant during childhood
A

Labov - 2001 - “Principle of Transmission”

23
Q
  • The use of stable sociolinguistic variables, or features not undergoing any linguistic change
  • Age-graded changes recur at a particular age in successive generations and are regular and predictable
  • These changes are thought to mark development or maturational changes in in an individual’s life
A

Labov - 2001 - “Age Grading”

24
Q

Between the age of 30 and 55, there is the greatest use of standard forms as the pressure to meet social norms and gain prestige is at its greatest

A

Age Grading - Standard Forms

25
Q

Non-prestigious age-graded features are common amongst adolescents, when “pressure not to conform to society’s norms is at its greatest”

A

Holmes - 1992 - Non-Prestigious Age Grading

26
Q

Years from birth

A

Eckert - 1997 - Chronological Age

27
Q

A person’s place at a given time in relation to social order. This can relate to:

  • socialising with friends
  • being a young carer
  • spending time around strangers or in public areas
  • the social ages of people you interact with
A

Eckert - 1997 - Social Age

28
Q

Physical maturity, eg. puberty, dementia

A

Eckert - 1997 - Biological Age

29
Q

Both adult and child language develops in response to important life events that affect social relationships and attitudes

A

Jenny Cheshire

30
Q

Post-18, most big life events happen and thus make the biggest impact on sociolects

A

Douglas Bigham - 2010 - “Emerging Adulthood”

31
Q
  • Asked case study candidates (17 year old students) what they remembered about playground slang
  • The candidates commented on some playground games, but had trouble remembering specific words
  • In their opinion, common words in their lexicon were linked by informal register, with taboo and dialect being most prevalent
  • They all agreed that they used slang and believed it was particular to their age group
A

Gary Ives

32
Q

All 63 candidates were from the same school in West Yorkshire

A

Issue with Gary Ives’ theory

33
Q

Teen conversation includes:

  • irregular turn-taking
  • overlaps
  • indistinct articulation (mumbling)
  • word shortenings
  • teasing and name-calling
  • verbal duelling (friendly banter)
  • slang
  • taboo
  • language mixing
A

Anna-Brita Stenstrom - 2014

34
Q

Slang is used to establish a connection to youth culture and signify “coolness”

A

Eckert - 2003 - Slang

35
Q

Children use “like” frequently, mainly at the beginning of a clause

A

Christopher V Odato - 2013 - “Like” (Stage one)

36
Q

Children use “like” more often and in a greater number of ways. Girls reach this age at about 5, boys around 7

A

Christopher V Odato - 2013 - “Like” (Stage two)

37
Q

“Like” is used much more frequently and in a range of positions. Girls again move to this stage earlier than

A

Christopher V Odato - 2013 - “Like” (Stage three)

38
Q
  • Teenagers use more negatives than adults do
  • Approximately one third of negatives occur in orders, suggestions and refusals
  • Teenagers are more direct in their speech, whereas adults are more conscious of not offending
A

Ignacio Palacios Martinez - 2011

39
Q

Non-standard grammatical features in the language of 14-16 year old children in London include:

  • Multiple negation
  • Use of “ain’t”
  • Ellipsis
  • Auxiliary verbs
  • Non-standard pronouns (eg.”theirselves”)
A

Anna-Brita Stenstrom, Gisle Anderson and Ingrid Kristine Hasund - 2002

40
Q

Mentions of elderly age are often either done so as a source of pride or a reason for non-participation

A

Coupland Et Al

English Language (16 decks)

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