Language

Question 0

What is phonology?

Answer 0

Phonology is the awareness of the sound of language, phonemes, combination rules for meaning speech (eg. St instead of sg)

Question 1

What are the four factors of language?

Answer 1

Phonology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics

Question 2

What are semantics?

Answer 2

Meaning of words and sentences, understanding of morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, and small words) - the smallest linguistic unit which carries meaning.

Question 3

What is syntax of language?

Answer 3

Syntax is the form of a structure of language.

Question 4

What are pragmatics of language?

Answer 4

Rules about language in social contexts. (What to say and how to say it) eg. Please and thank you.

Question 5

What is the pre linguistic period and when does it occur?

Answer 5

Occurs 0-12 months.

Involves 3 forms of vocalisation. 1) crying occurs in first 3-4 weeks.
2) cooing occurs from week 3-5 onwards and then 3) babbling from 3-4 months (addition of consonants and sound repetition) turn talking intonation and learning that words have meaning

Question 6

When do words become representative of objects?

Answer 6

Between 8-12 months objects are associated with its name and use of verbal labels. (Though they may not be representative)

At 18 months - true symbolic representation, word as a substitute for the object, used for communication

Question 7

What is telegraphic speech and when does it develop?

Answer 7

Telegraphic speech conveys meaning but lacks syntax and pragmatics. (Eg. More car, no bed)

Occurs 18-24 months.

Question 8

When is more complexity added to speech?

Answer 8

2 years +. Adding verbs, compound sentences, use of last tense but logical errors.

Question 9

What emerges in language from the age of 3-5 years.

Answer 9

Interests in rhymes, songs and commentaries during playtime occurs.

Shows the emergence of narrative.

Question 10

What are the language modes of thought?

Answer 10

Propositional - verbal language

Imagine - visual imagery.

Question 11

How is language acquired?

Answer 11

According to Skinner: language is learned (imitation and progressive reinforcement)

According to Chomsky: language acquisition device (already present in children through inheritance)

Question 12

How is language learnt?

Answer 12

Through joint involvement episodes: social input, use of 1 to 1 sessions and motherese (baby talk)

Question 13

What is the Lenneberg’s Critical Period Hypothesis?

Answer 13

He proposed children before the age of 12 are:

Bilingual with no accent.
Can recover language after head injury. It is sensitive but non critical period.

Question 14

Which brain structures are involved in speaking a heard word?

Answer 14

Motor area, primary auditory area, Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area.

Question 15

Which brain structures are used to speak a written word?

Answer 15

Motor area, angular gyrus, primary visual area, Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area.

Question 16

What is Aphasia?

Answer 16

Expressive Aphasia: damage to Broca’s. Hesitant and difficulty finding words, comprehension largely impaired.

Receptive Aphasia: damage to Wernicke’s. Fluent grammatical speech with no content and comprehension seriously impaired. Often unintelligible speech with sentences tha make no sense