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Psychology 102 > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Language

A

A set of symbols used to convey a meaning

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2
Q

Generating words in a structured and comprehensible manner

A

Language production

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3
Q

The creative process of creating new sentences each time we speak instead of reusing old one from a memory bank.

A

Generative language

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4
Q

The expression of language through sounds

A

speech

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5
Q

The ability to understand vocalizations or gestures

A

language comprehension

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6
Q

The general building blocks of language

A

phonology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics

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7
Q

The smallest unit of sound that can be described as a word

A

phonemes

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8
Q

The smallest unit of language that conveys meaning

A

morphemes

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9
Q

The meaning of a word

A

semantics

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10
Q

The dictionary definition of a word that may change overtime

A

lexical meaning

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11
Q

How the structure of the sentence changes the meaning of the word

A

syntax

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12
Q

The part of expressing the meaning of a word or sentence through non verbal communication

A

pragmatics

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13
Q

How is non-verbal communication aquired?

A

It is aquired automatically by observation

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14
Q

How fast does vocabulary and production level grow?

A

A baby’s vocabulary increases three times as fast as their production level

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15
Q

Between 2 to 4 months old babies learn the phonemes of the languages they hear

A

Prevocal learning

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16
Q

At 2 months of age babies attempt vocalizations and practicing sounds

A

Cooing

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17
Q

At 6 months babies test putting vocalizations together, but these vocalizations are often meaningless

A

Babbling

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18
Q

At about 1 year old, a baby begins to say simple words and can understand about 50 words

A

first words

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19
Q

Speaking in short sentences with simple meaning and many grammar inconsistencies

A

Telegraphic speech

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20
Q

at 3 years of age, a child understands the practicalities of language use,

A

pragmatics

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21
Q

at age 4, children have learned language rules without any education

A

grammar

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22
Q

Effects of socio-economics on language development

A

The more impoverished a child is the less communication they receive from their parents and they also receive more prohibitions. The child is likely to be more academically stunted.

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23
Q

When is it best to learn a second language?

A

Before the age of 13

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24
Q

A window of time when certain influences must occur for the appropriate formation of the brain

A

critical period

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25
Q

A window of time where the brain is more susceptible to influences.

A

sensitive period

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26
Q

Language acquisition occurs throughout life

A

sensitive period learning

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27
Q

initial language influence required for appropreate brain development in childhood

A

critical period of learning

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28
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Theory suggests that by praising a child for producing coherant speech, the child can be conditioned to talk.

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29
Q

Experience enhances the biological development of language learning. If a baby is not exposed to phonemes, the capacity to distinguish phonemes diminishes.

A

Interactive theories

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30
Q

Slow, high-pitched voices

A

child-directed speech

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31
Q

Effects of formal education on grammar

A

when a child is aware of the rules of a language, they are more likely to make mistakes. This is referred to as overregulation.

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32
Q

Reading aquisition

A

Occurs around 5 or 6 years old and is trained through formal education. After reading is aquired, it becomes automatic.

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33
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is language associated with.

A

left.

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34
Q

section of the frontal lobe associated with language production.

A

broca’s area

35
Q

The inability to produce coherent speech

A

Broca’s aphasia

36
Q

section of the temporal lobe associated with language comprehension

A

werinke’s area

37
Q

An impairment to understand verbal auditory communication.

A

Werinke’s aphasia

38
Q

a symptom of broca’s aphasia where a person cannot form grammatical sentences

A

agrammatism

39
Q

Brain area for profanity

A

amygdala

40
Q

Brain area for understanding figurative language

A

right hemisphere

41
Q

Picturing things in your mind

A

Mental imagery

42
Q

Examples of thinking without the use of words

A

mental imagery and spatial navigation

43
Q

Visual imagery used to solve problems by imagining them.

A

spatial navigation

44
Q

The vocabulary used for certain objects or concepts influence the way we think about them.

A

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

45
Q

Evidence for linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

The words used to describe colours across cultures change the number of colour categories a person can communicate.

46
Q

Evidence for linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

The words used to describe colours across cultures change the number of colour categories a person can communicate.

47
Q

Executive function

A

the ability to control and manage mental processing

48
Q

dysexecutive syndrom

A

impairments in the ability to control mental activities

49
Q

determining how to reach a goal

A

problem solving

50
Q

Problems that have one distinct answer or solution

A

well-defined problems

51
Q

Problems that don’t have a defined answer

A

ill-defined problems

52
Q

A problem solving strategy that can solve the problem every time by following certain steps

A

algorithm

53
Q

Shortcuts strategies like estimating

A

heuristic

54
Q

A eurika moment

A

insight

55
Q

The tendency to use problem-solving strategies that have always worked in the past

A

mental set

56
Q

The tendency to vieww objects as only having one use or function

A

functional fixedness

57
Q

the tendency to only look for information that meets our expectations and disregard anything that does not

A

confirmation bias

58
Q

the assumption that individuals who share one characteristic must have other similar characteristics

A

representativeness heuristic

59
Q

Assuming that more easily recalled events are more common

A

avalibility heursitic

60
Q

Thinking about one’s own thoughts

A

metacognition

61
Q

the awareness of one’s own mental states

A

theory of mind

62
Q

Episodic knowledge

A

this is gaining knowledge by engagement and experience

63
Q

Template theory

A

using exemplars to form a structure by matching something new to something in memory

64
Q

The process of selecting certain characteristics to create a catagory

A

perceptual tuning

65
Q

Compairing all the characteristics of the exemplars to the ideal to make a category

A

prototype theory

66
Q

What is the process of integrating new information in episodic knowledge?

A

When new information is added that doesn’t fit the prototype, the catagory reverts back to a template to reorganize the characteristics

67
Q

A mental representation of connected ideas of feature

A

Semantic knowledge

68
Q

Compairing all the features to group items

A

Compassion model

69
Q

Features that are necessary for the meaning of the item

A

defining features

70
Q

features that are descriptive, but not essential to knowing what the item is

A

characteristic features

71
Q

A decrease in time to group items due to one item not matching the defining features of the others

A

Atypically effect

72
Q

The meaning of a word

A

semantic

73
Q

Word associations that create a categorial structure

A

semantic networks

74
Q

What can word associations be?

A

concepts (abstract), properties (traits)

75
Q

Estimation of an event based on previous similar events

A

representative heuristic

76
Q

using the parameters/probability of an event to find the solution

A

probability algorithems

77
Q

What is creative problem solving?

A

using information from one event and applying it to another

78
Q

Having many equal options for one item

A

flat hierarchies

79
Q

The symbolic representation of a word

A

Universal grammar

80
Q

How language changes our sensations (conception) and our perception (categorial thinking) of thoughts

A

Linguistic determinism

81
Q

Sounds that express a state

A

affect

82
Q

Communicative sounds that reference something abstract (think monkeys)

A

ideas

83
Q

Inferring to what something is

A

Inferrential thinking

Psychology 102 (6 decks)

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