Human development Flashcards
Human development
A person’s development from birth to death
Development
The prenatal, neonatal, childhood part of development
Domain specificity
something that happens that happens on it’s own because of the environment
Mimicry
repeating actions or sounds, it’s the way of learning
Quantatative development
improvement on a skill
Qualitative
when a skill becomes an ability
Connectionism
When skills are developed
Prenatal
Before birth and when still in the womb
Sensory effects
Baby can still hear the mom through the belly which helps the baby recongize the moms voice when born.
Nature
The mom’s genes and environment change the nature of the child’s development
Nurture
What the mother ingests that effects the baby
Omega 3
promotes hand-eye coordination, iq, and wight
Main influences hormone
Insulin
Teratogens
any chemical that are toxic and disrupt the development of the baby
Types of teratogens
Virus, Bacteria, Drugs, Neurotransmitters
Neonatal
New born
Maturation
The modification of behaviour due to the purning of neurons
Habituation
Overtime a child gets less excited by new things because they are used to it.
Pruning of neurons
First two years develop many paths then lose the paths during 4 years old to 6 years old
Newborn screening
Apgar test for the six basic reflexes
Apgar reflexes
Sucking, Moro(defence), Tonic neck (moving head and reach out hand in direction), Barinsky (holding on)
Reason for reflexes
development of later movements and signals the development of the cerebellum
Biomarkers
help know how developed the brain is
Sensory discrimination
When a baby can see the differences using the senses
Visual cliff
an experiment to see what age visual cues develop in relation to elevation
Phonemes
Smallest meaningful unit of sound
Parentese
orient towards the higher pitch and slower sounds that a baby prefers
Baby preferences
Babies develop music and story prefences when in the womb and prefer the same things over and over
Piaget’s theory
This is a “hard stage” theory where one stage has to be resolved before the next can occur.
Schema
an internal representation of behaviour. in children this is reflexes
Assimilation
adding new information to the schema if it fits
accommodation
changing the schema when it doesn’t fit
0-2 years old
Sensoy motor stage. this is the age where a child learns about object permanence and symbolic thought. The means that children are aware of objects existing and changing outside of sight.
Object permanence
Objects can exist even when you can’t see it
Symbolic thought
recongition that item can be moved outside of sight
2-7 years old
Pre-operational, this stage is when children learn lack of conservation, reversability, centration and egocentrism.
Lack of conservation
When one aspect changes, all information from before the change is thrown out.
Reversability
Children cannot remember things how they used to be and only see things as they are.
Centration
only focusing on one thing or aspect.
Egocentrism
A child cannot understand that everyone sees the world from a different set of sensory perspectives.
7-11 years old
Concrete operational stage where a child can apply logical thinking
Logical thinking
When a child can apply one mathematical rule at a time, but still has difficulties when applying multiple
12 + years old
Formal operational, when a child is assumed to have the same level of thinking possible as an adult.
Abstract thinking
When a child can think about a mathmatical or logical senario outside the confines of normal sensory experiences.
Criticisms of Piaget’s theory
- Only works in a school setting
- Kids can achieve some stages socially before they can mathematically
Social child theory
Children learn socially from other people and learn better in general when guided by an adult.
Scaffolding
Mentors provide children with guiding questions to let a child control the learning experience and show how to carry out a task
Zone of proximal development
Making challenges one intellectual level above a child’s abilities
Artifact
An object that only has meaning within the culture
Domain specificity (Development theories)
A child cannot transfer knowledge from there mathmatical to social spheres/schemas
Mother cupboard
Predominate western theory that children only love their parents because they provide food
Contact comfort
Predominate theory of attachment that children love their parents because they provide emotional support
Strange situation
An experiment to test a child’s emotional relationship with there primary care giver by the child’s reaction when the mother returns
Secure attachment
High proximity and low anxiety when around care giver, giving a child a caring are trustful relationship
Anxious attachment
Hight proximity, high anxiety, likely from an Asian culture where kids are not left alone
Avoidant attachment
Low anxiety, low proximity, likely from a metateranian culture where kids have multiple care givers.
A stage in life that is only present in western cultural and is defined by puberty and hormones
Adolescence
Creating new neuro connections before two
Synaptic genesis
The removal of neuro connections that are not needed. Occurs from 12 - 16
Synaptic pruning
What age is the brain considered an adult
12 years old
Parents who are warm, sensitive to child’s needs, and includes the child in decision making
Authoritative parenting
High self-esteem, cooperativeness, self-control, social maturity
Authoritative parenting outcomes
Parent who is harsh, makes demands of child, creates hard rules, and critical
Authoritarian parenting
Low self-esteem, anxious, unhappy, often angry and aggressive.
Authoritarian parenting outcomes
Warm, accepting, overindulgent and overly giving
permissive parenting
Impulsive, disobedient, dependant, and where many intitled people comes from
permissive parenting outcomes
Emotionally detached, and little energy spent on child
Neglectful parenting
Anxious, poor communicators, anti-social
Neglectful parenting style outcomes
Things that cause a parent to change their attitudes
Child’s temperament, situation, age, and cognition
A hard stage theory that explains how morals develop
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Egoism
How the individual feels about them self
Social
how the individual feels about them self
Principal
rules for life
Three spheres of moral development
egoism, social and principal
Stage one and two occur before 9 years old and the child learns about what they can get away with
Pre-conventional
where the child is encouraged to avoid pain but cannot see the perspective of others
Stage 1
A child will get a reward if they ydo the right thing. The reward can be anything from socially fitting in to getting candy. The child also understands that others have goals and preferences
Stage 2
Morality is all about doing what is right to get society’s approval.
Conventional
The expectancies of society are followed and the intentions of others are recognized
Stage 3
Following the rules only to avoid being arrested, so that society doesn’t disapprove. Understand abstract normative systems.
Stage 4
Only 10 to 15% of people get here and morality is determined by ethical prinicpals
Post-conventional
Promoting society’s well being based on one’s own principals of morality
Stage 5
Achieving justice through mutual respect
Stage 6
Criticisms of Kohlberg
- Towards a masculine view of morals
- Morals change by culture
- Does not consider the emotional side of decisions
Our idenity is based around how we find our job and if we did enough exploration and how committed we are.
Identity status (Erikson)
What are the four identities
Identity forclosure (High commitment low expoloration), identity diffusion (low everything), Identiy achievement ( high everything), Moratorium ( high exploration low commitment)
A soft stage social development theory that focuses on if the child has a negative or positive outcome at each stage. This development influences their identity.
Erikson’s development theory
How to gain wisdom
With a positive outcome in each of erikson’s developmental stages a person gains wisdom.
Trust verus mistrust
birth to 1
Autonomy versus shame
1 to 3
Initiative versus guilt
3 to 6
Industry versus inferiority
6 to 12
identity veruse confusion
12 to 20
intimacy versus isolation
20 -30
generativity versus self-absorbtion
30 to 65
Integrity versus despair
65+
