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RUSVM VZ > LAM I Final > Flashcards

LAM I Final Flashcards

1
Q

A horse presents with a skin tent of ~4 seconds, Tacky mucous membranes and 60 BPM. What’s his percentage dehydration?

A

10-12% Everything but the 60 BPM was describing 8% dehydration

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2
Q

A horse presents with 2 sec skin tent, Moist membranes, 1.5 sec, 38 BPM. % Dehydration?

A

5%

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3
Q

Why did you just slap the tech. upside the head for leaving a bucket of electrolyte solution with the horse?

A

Because they didn’t leave free water with them. Always leave a source of water with a horse with an electrolyte solution

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4
Q

How much fluid can you put down a horses throat?

A

Capacity is about 15L Should administer well below that

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5
Q

T/F: 11 L/Hr is an appropriate rate for Oral administration

A

True! 12-16 L/hr limit

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6
Q

What is the major contraindication of Oral administration?

A

Reflux; ultimate contraindication for oral administration

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7
Q

The horse you are working on becomes recumbent. What is the main venus acccess that becomes contraindicated?

A

lateral thoracic

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8
Q

T/F The Cephalic vein is used for medication administration alone.

A

False: The Cephalic vein is not commonly used for administration alone

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9
Q

A rambunctious stallion is brought in for medication administration. Which two venus access points are not readily used?

A

Cephalic and sphaneous (and possibly lateral thoracic)

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10
Q

What is the limit on how much you should give intra-peritoneal?

A

Abdominal discomfort around 10L of fluids

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11
Q

What is the STAT IV rate for horses?

A

12 dops/ml

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12
Q

Polyurethane and silicone are ______ term catheters while Teflon and polyethylene are ______ term catheters.

A

Polyurethan and silicone are LONG term catheters while Teflon and polyethylene are SHORT term catheters.

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13
Q

It’s been 12 days since the tech. put in the catheter of a severely hospitalized horse. Is it time to change it? (polyurethane catheter)

A

No; 14 days is the typical life span of a long term catheter; Polyurethane and silicone

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14
Q

The Teflon catheter has been in 4 days; is the horse at risk?

A

Yes. Short term catheters are kept AT MAXIMUM 3 days.

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15
Q

Most to lest thrombogenic catheter material;?

A

Polypropylene-> polyethylene -> silicon -> nylon -> polyurethane

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16
Q

How do you calculate replacement?

A

Figure %-dehydration (chart) multiply by body weight in Kg(s)= liters of Fluid

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17
Q

What are we looking to do in a horse Resuscitation when it comes to fluid administration?

A

Trying to replace estimated deficits rapidly (1-2 hours) – can safely give 1 blood volume per hour

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18
Q

What is standard Maintenance for Horses?

A

50-60 ml/kg/day

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19
Q

T/F You can give twice maintenance fluids to a impacted horse?

A

True: Over hydration of impactions with twice maintenance

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20
Q

T/F Metabolic alkalosis is the most common type of acid-base distrubance in the equine patient.

A

False Acidosis- most common

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21
Q

Horse is hyperchloremic, Low HCO3- and an increased anion gap. What is his problem? (acid base state)

A

Metabolic acidosis

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22
Q

Which fluids do you use for a shocky patient? (metabolic acidosis)

A

LRS and/or Normosol

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23
Q

An owner sees that the bicarb is low on the lab-work that you decided they had the right to look at. Why do you refuse to fix the HCO3- deficit?

A

You do not treat bicarbonate deficiency empirically; unless less than 17-18 (or pH

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24
Q

What are some causes of Metabolic alkalosis in the equine patient

A

Endurance racing-#1 High GIT disease; choke, gastric impaction

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25
Q

An endurance horse presents with SDF after a race. Is this fatal?

A

Metabolic alkalosis will sometimes present with Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter

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26
Q

Your overseeing veterinarian asks you how to check the horses calcium status and what could cause a low level?

A

Anorexia can cause depletion of Ca. Ionized calcium is the most accurate Ca status

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27
Q

What are the disturbances that can cause ‘Thumps’?

A

“Thumps”= Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (hiccups) HYPOcalcemia- the majority of single-distrbance causes HYPOkalemia Metabolic ALKALOSIS

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28
Q

You’re treating an uncomplicated case of ‘thumps’. The patient isn’t responding as well to the Ca therapy. Why could this be?

A

Hypomagnesemia may blunt the response to Tx

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29
Q

“Lassie” a quarterhorse presents for hyponatremia. She shows no clinical signs. Should she be rapidly addressed?

A

No. Normal progress is to rapidly address the discrepancy. Though she shows no clinical signs it is contraindicated to fix them quickly.

30
Q

Which has a higher range of pH alkalosis; Endurance or Choke cases?

A

Endurance race horses have the high range of normal >7.45 Choke; low range of normal- >7.35

31
Q

The AST of a horse with muscle disease is measured 19 hours after the first suspected incident. What do you expect to see?

A

Elevated Peak AST levels 12-24 hours after

32
Q

T/F AST is muscle specific

A

False AST is not muscle specific

33
Q

Is someone telling you “the LDH of a horse is low” helpful?

A

No LDH has many Isoezymes, “which” is low would be more helpful

34
Q

What are the parts to an exercise challenge?

A

1)15-30 minuets of light exercise [rarely causes more than 3 fold increase in CK] 2) Evaluate change in CPK 4-6 hours after exercise [increases of 5 times or more are indicative of exertional rhabdomyolysis

35
Q

A young Quarter horse shows up with muscle fasciculations, weakness, and prolapse of the third eyelid. Top DDx?

A

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

36
Q

What type of etiology is HPP ‘impressives disease’?

A

autosomal dominant inheritance

37
Q

Horse is reluctant to move, firm hind-limb and back musculature (painful to palpate), and pigmenturia. Top DDx?

A

Exertional myopathy/rhabdomyolysis

38
Q

Horse is reluctant to move, firm hind-limb and back musculature (painful to palpate), and pigmenturia. What is the best next diagnostic?

A

Muscle biopsy; of the mildly effected

39
Q

where is the best place to biopsy for Exertional myopathy/rhabdomyolysis?

A

Hind legs; they are mostly type II which are in the hind limb

40
Q

What are the contraindications to the use of Acepromazine in improving muscle bloodflow?

A

Dehydrated and Hypotensive

41
Q

What do you use to sedate an extremely anxious horse with RER?

A

Xylazine or diazepam

42
Q

What’s the downside to using methocarbamol (muscle relxant)?

A

Ataxia and depression (worsen symptoms)

43
Q

You biopsy the muscle from a horse showing an exertional myopathy to find centralized nucli. How do you treat?

A

Adjust energy needs by adding FAT [animal has RER]

44
Q

Which breed is mostly affected by Polysacchardie storage myopathy?

A

Draft horses (Belgians)

45
Q

A horse’s blood pressure drops to 60 mmHg during anesthesia. What are we concerned about?

A

(his low blood pressure. More specifically) Anesthetic related myopathy

46
Q

A quarter horse is presented for it’s foal dying within the second week of life. What muscle disease is assoicated with this?

A

Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

47
Q

What do we need to look out for in Heparin administration?

A

RBC agglutination (low molecular weight are less likely to cause it)

48
Q

A horse loses, what you estimate to be, 20% of it’s red cell mass. Should you be worried?

A

No; Splenocontraction can give 30% of the red cell mass.

49
Q

In a previous anemic horse. what can we look at to make sure the bone marrow is producing red blood cells?

A

We can watch that the platelet numbers are coming up. They will rise before the actually blood cells.

50
Q

T/F Biopsy is better than aspriate

A

True

51
Q

Where does strangles take place?

A

Strangles is the infection of the macrophages of the upper respiratory tract, replicates in the pharynx

52
Q

What is the signlament/clinical of Guttural pouch empyema?

A

Guttural pouch empyema: –Previous respiratory tract disease –Intermittent nasal discharge, worsens when head is lowered.

53
Q

What are the disadvantages to vaccinating for strangles?

A

Vaccination for strangles can predispose; –bastard strangles –purpura hemorrhagica –retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation

54
Q

What’s contraindicative of a major part of treatment of purpura hemorrhagica?

A

Dexamathesone (glucocortcoid) can cause vasoconstrictive laminitis if given in too high of a concentration

55
Q

Which ‘colonies’ are most likely to cause bronchopneumonia in older horses?

A

E. Coli and Klebsiella

56
Q

Which ‘colonies’ are most likely to cause Foal pneumonia?

A

Strep.

57
Q

A horse has serosanguinous discharge before the first frank epistaxis. (small volume) top DDx?

A

Guttural pouch mycosis, May precede the first frank epistaxis and be preceded by slight mucopurlent unilateral discharge. Several bouts of minor hemorrhage.

58
Q

What is the prognosis of Fatal hemorrhage in Guttural pouch mycosis?

A

50%

59
Q

Who are predisposed to ethmoid hematomas?

A

Ethmoid hematoma:

Thoroughbred, warmbloods and Arabians

Males over represented

60
Q

Horse presents with cheek puffing, quitting and expiratory/inspatory noise on respiration. DDx?

A

DDSP

61
Q

Treatment of DDSP?

A

Treat concurrent conditions

tongue tie- prevent caudal retraction of the larynx

Tie forward

62
Q

Which cranial nerves coordinate eye movment?

A

IV

VI

III- ocular mortor

63
Q

What does cranial nerve 5 control?

and what do you get with it’s damage?

A

sensory to the

One motor to Mastication

You get “dropped jaw” with it’s damage.

64
Q

What does moldy corn poisioning causes?

how do we treat it?

A

Leukoechephalomalacia

No treatment, supportive.

65
Q

CSF workup comes back with 75% of the normal circulating glucose. What does the hint towards?

A

Either contamination with bacteria which consume the glucose.

Or

Bacterial infection

66
Q

2:1 Urine P:Cr ratio signifies what?

A

Glomerulonephritis

67
Q

What does a 25:1 Urine GGT:Cr ratio signifiy?

A

Proximal tubular damage

68
Q

Hematuria early in urination?

A

Consider urethra or bladder

69
Q

Hematauria late/end urination?

A

Consider proximal urethral lesion/bladder

70
Q

Hematuria throughout urination?

A

consider bladder or upper urinary tract

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