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SRNAHealthAssessment > Labs/X-rays/ECG Lecture > Flashcards

Labs/X-rays/ECG Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

ALT vs AST

A

ALT elevated before AST

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2
Q

Alka phosphatase

A

increases in liver and bone disease

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3
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Copper issues

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4
Q

Xrays blocked by

A

denser tissues like bone

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5
Q

Lungs fields look _____on xray

A

Black

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6
Q

Water fields look ______

A

Black

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7
Q

BLood on xray look

A

white, light gray

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8
Q

Fat on xray

A

Gray

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9
Q

You should be able to see

A

9-10 posteriorly

6-7 anteriorly

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10
Q

Motion on CXR

A

Blurry

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11
Q

Hold breath

A

to expands lungs for better picture

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12
Q

Most chest PA

A

posterior to Anterior

Through back to film

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13
Q

Heart closer to heart

A

PA

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14
Q

Magnifies heart

A

AP

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15
Q

PA best when

A

Standing

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16
Q

Spinous processes aligned with

A

Center of the sternum

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17
Q

Best xray is

A

PA

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18
Q

Overexposed xray

A

Looks really dark

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19
Q

Underexposed (underpenetrated)

A

Looks really white

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20
Q

Have to be able to differentiate

A

vertebral bodies

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21
Q

Cardiac silhouette should be

A

less than 50% of diameter of chest in PA

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22
Q

Cardiac silhouette should be (AP)

A

Less than 60%

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23
Q

RIght is usually a little higher due to

A

liver

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24
Q

Normal Carina angle =

A

60-100°

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25
Q

ETT

A
  • S/b 5-7cm above carina

* Carina usually @ T4/T5

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26
Q

Non-ionizing

A

Ultrasound MRI

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27
Q

Ionizing

A

Xray, CT, nuclear med scans,

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28
Q

CT mostly for 2 parts

A

Chest and ABdomen

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29
Q

MRI mostly for

A

Head, Neck , spinal cord and extremities

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30
Q

MRI how it works

A

beam waves scatter water molecules.

no damage to the body

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31
Q

Routes of administration contrast

A

IV
Oral
Rectal

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32
Q

FOR CT iodinated contrast

A

High osmolarity , more side effects

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33
Q

CT iodinated contrast non-ionic :

A

low osmolality, less side effects ($

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34
Q

Barium: non-water soluble suspension

A

Used for GI Tract assessment:

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35
Q

Types of Barium

A

Swallow study
Small bowel
BE

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36
Q

___________can be used in place of barium if

perforated bowel, or barium allergy)

A

(Gastrografin

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37
Q

When to use IV Contrast:

A

solid organs

vascular structures

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38
Q

When to use Barium

A

Barium: GI tract assessment

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39
Q

CONTRAINDICATIONS to Constract

A
  • Anaphylaxsis

* Nephropathy

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40
Q

ANaphylaxis

A

pt.s with atopic disease such as asthma, eczema, allergic
rhinitis (food allergies) are at higher risks – Iodine is not a proven allergen. Allergies to shellfish do
not increase risk of reaction to IV contrast any more than that of other
allergies.

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41
Q

Common Signs/Symptoms for ordering Exams:

A

Cough
SOB
Hemoptysis
Trauma

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42
Q

Reading check

A 
Date
Name
Left and Right marker
Quality – rotation, inspiration, exposure
Soft tissue
Bones
Organs
Airway
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43
Q

ABCDEFGHI

A 
Assessment of quality
Bones/soft tissues
Cardiac
Diaphragm
Effusions
Fields, fissures,foreign bodies
Great vessels/gastric bubble
Hila/mediastinum
Impression
44
Q

Assess lung fields for ?

A 
• Infiltrates
• Increased interstitial markings
• Masses
• Absence of normal margins
• Air bronchograms
• Phenomenon of air-filled bronchi (dark) being made
visible by the opacification of surrounding alveoli (grey/white)
• Increased vascularity
45
Q

Air Bronchospasm

A

• Air-filled bronchi (dark) made visible by opacification of surrounding alveoli consolidation

46
Q

Alveolar:

A
  • Fluffy rounded densities (Consolidation)
  • Air spaces filled with fluid, blood, pus (pneumonia)
  • protein or cells (tumor)
47
Q

Interstitial

A
  • Linear or nodular densities

* Supportive tissue around/between alveoli

48
Q

Chloride range

A

95-105

49
Q

Cr

A

0.6-1.2

50
Q

AST normal range

A

• 8-40 units/L

51
Q

• ALT normal range

A

• 10-40 units/L

52
Q

• Alk Phos normal range

A

• 35-150 units/L

53
Q

• Albumin normal range

A

• 6-8 g/dL

54
Q

Common causes of elevated Liver enzymes:

A

Tylenol, Statins, Antifungals

55
Q

Common causes of elevated Liver enzymes:

A
  • Etoh
  • Hepatitis
  • Fatty Liver/Obesity
  • Hemochromatosis/Wilson’s Disease
56
Q

Film turns-____ where xrays strike

A

black

57
Q

Less dense xray

A

more beam, xray way blacker

58
Q

Denser object xray

A

less beam striking, xray whiter

59
Q

How many anterior ribs to qualify as a good film

A

6

60
Q

• Spinous processes aligned with center of sternum between clavicles? What are you assessing?

A

• Rotation

61
Q

• Preferred view for CXR

A

PA – energy penetrates thru pts back onto film

62
Q

In PA where does energy penetrate

A

energy penetrates thru pts back onto film

63
Q

If spine is not visible, the film is

A

underexposed or under penetrated (too white)

64
Q

____view makes heart appear larger than it really is

A

AP

65
Q

For MRI, contrast used

A

Gadolinium

66
Q

Aortic knob

A

The first knob on the of the left side of the aortic arch

67
Q

Measure knob from the

A

Lateral border of air in the trachea to the edge of the aortic knob

68
Q

Aortic knob should measure

A

<35 mm

69
Q

Air bronchograms is a phenomenon

A

• Phenomenon of air-filled bronchi (dark) being made

visible by the opacification of surrounding alveoli (grey/white)

70
Q

Air-filled bronchi (dark) made visible by opacification of surrounding alveoli consolidation

A

Air Bronchogram

71
Q

Alveolar air sacs

A

Radiolucent; may contain blood, mucous, tumor or edema

72
Q

Interstitial disease

A

RADIODENSE vessels, lymphatics, bronchi, CT tissue

73
Q

Tuberculosis • Almost always affects :

A
  • posterior segments of upper lobes

* superior segments of lower lobes

74
Q

• Patchy bilateral opacification of upper lobes with cavitation (Left)

A

Tuberculosis

75
Q
  • Kerley A Lines

* From____To____

A

Hila to periphery

76
Q

• Dilated lymphatic channels

A

Kerley A lines

77
Q

Interstitial - Reticular Patterns Fine

A

• 1-2mm = pulmonary edema

78
Q

Interstitial - Reticular Patterns • Medium

A

• 3-10mm = pulmonary fibrosis

79
Q

Interstitial - Reticular Patterns Coarse

A

• >10mm = sarcoidosis

80
Q

Hyperinflated Lungs

A

Emphysema (COPD)

81
Q

• “Flat” Diaphragm

A

Emphysema (COPD)

82
Q

• Narrow Heart Shadow

A

Emphysema (COPD)

83
Q

• Increased Retrosternal clear space

Barrel Chest

A

Emphysema (COPD)

84
Q

Partial filling of air spaces with exudate or transudate

A

Ground Glass Opacities

85
Q

Associated pulmonary edema, infections (including cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)

A

Ground Glass Opacities

86
Q

Sarcoidosis -

A

Bilateral Hilar Enlargement

87
Q

• Hilar (lung roots) mainly consist of the

A

major bronchi and the pulmonary veins and arteries

88
Q

Nodes are seen clearly with Spiral CT

A

Sarcoidosis

89
Q

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
If < 3cm =
If > 3cm =

A

Nodule

Mass

90
Q

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule CT – if calcified,

A

likely benign, otherwise…

91
Q

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule, PET/FDG – if hot, likely _______ next step is _______

A

likely malignant

Order Biopsy

92
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse of lung tissue affecting part or all of one lung.
Results from alveoli collapse or plug.
• loss of volume

93
Q

Elevation of hemidiaphragm

A

Atelectasis

94
Q

Crowding of vessels & bronchial tree in the volume loss

A

Atelectasis

95
Q

• Overaeration of opposite lung or other lobes

A

Atelectasis

96
Q

• Increase in density

A

Atelectasis

97
Q

Collapsed lung

A

Pneumothorax

98
Q

Absent Vascular markings

A

Pneumothorax

99
Q

Mediastinal shift

A

Pneumothorax

100
Q

For assessment of valves and chambers of the Heart

clots, myxomas

A

Echocardiograms

101
Q

Pneumoperitoneum

A

•Abnormal presence of air or gas in peritoneal cavity –

potential space within abdominal cavity

102
Q

•Often during laparoscopic procedures.

A

Pneumoperitoneum

103
Q

• Note pulmonary vascular congestion

A

CHF

104
Q

• Enlarged Heart shadow

A

CHF

105
Q

U wave associated with

A
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Digitalis

SRNAHealthAssessment (20 decks)

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