Labs extra

Question 1

What markers can we find in case of GI tumors?

Answer 1

CEA (Carcino Embryonic Ag) Not specific

CA 19-9 (Carbohydrate Ag) elevated in Colon/Pancreatic cancers

Question 2

Syndrome with Glucosuria and low blood glucose levels

Answer 2

Fanconi syndrome

Question 3

No glucosuria at high blood glucose levels?

Answer 3

GFR is low
flow is slower
more time to reabsorbed the sugar

Question 4

Tubularglucose reabsorbtion threshold

Answer 4

10 mmol/l

Question 5

K+ levels

Answer 5

3.5-5 mmol/l

Question 6

Why hyperkalemia in DM1?

Answer 6

Bcs less ATP to the Na/K pump

Question 7

When should you do OGGT

Answer 7

Fasting glucose btw 6-7

Question 8

DM common in adoults with presence of Ab

Answer 8

LADA

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults

Question 9

OGGT values

Answer 9

Below 7.8 Impared fasting glucose
7.8-11 Impared gkucose tolerance
Above 11 DM

Question 10

How do we check long term diabetes treatment?

Answer 10

HbA1c
6-7% is target
10% is baddd

Question 11

No meal + Insulin in DM paitents will result in

Answer 11

Somogyi effect

Question 12

Effect of Addisons disease on blood glucose

Answer 12

Low cortisol levels
Low gluconeogenesis
Hypoglycemia

Question 13

What happens in obesity

Answer 13

More FFA
Liver TG synthesis
Increased VLDL
Increased LDL
Decreased HDL

Question 14

Hypothyroidism and Hyperlipidemia

Answer 14

Less LDL-R so serum LDL increased

Question 15

VLDL job

Answer 15

carry TG to tissues from the liver

Question 16

What is cholestasis

Answer 16

BIle cannot floe from liver

Less fat absorbtion

Question 17

Causes for secondary hyperlipidemia

Alcohol

Answer 17

Decreased NAD+
Decreased B-oxidation
Increased TG synthesis

Question 18

Normal cholesterol levels

Answer 18

Below 5.2 mmol/l

Question 19

Normal TG

Answer 19

Below 1.7 mmol/l

Question 20

When High cholesterol but normal TG this is

Answer 20

Dyslipidemia IIa

Heterozygote for Familial Hypercholeserolemia

Question 21

How do we confirm Familial Hypercholeserolemia

Answer 21

LDL-R mutation

Apo B mutation

Question 22

DIscolored palmar crease is known as

Answer 22

Xanthoma striatum Palmare

Question 23

When cholesterol and TG are both high we sespect

Answer 23

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia
Autosomal recessive Mutation of ApoE
Impared clearance of VLDL, LDL

Question 24

What is the indication of carcinoam of the head of the pancreas?

Answer 24

Courvoisier triad

Question 25

Normal serum Bilirubin | Direct serum Bilirubin

Answer 25

20 microM | Less than 5 microM

Question 26

Normal serum ALP

Answer 26

<120 U/L

Question 27

High ALP indicates

Answer 27

Obstruction

Question 28

Normal INR

Answer 28

0.85-12

Question 29

What does ERCP stands for

Answer 29

Endoscopid Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography

Question 30

What is the ratio btw ALAT to ASAT in viral cases

Answer 30

ALAT>ASAT LLL like in viraLLL

Question 31

GGT meaning and normal values

Answer 31

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase <55 U/L

Question 32

Normal MCV

Answer 32

80-99 fL

Question 33

How does alcohol cause hepatitis?

Answer 33

Inhibition of B oxidation

Question 34

Normal Albumin levels

Answer 34

35-55 U/L

Question 35

Normal Ht levels

Answer 35

0.39-0.52

Question 36

Iatrogenic hepatitis is usually duo to

Answer 36

HCV

Question 37

Sharp RUQ can indicate

Answer 37

Gallstones

Question 38

Inflammation of the gallbladder is called

Answer 38

Cholecystisis

Question 39

Sybdrom that can cause low conjugation of Bilirubin | What enzyme is problematic?

Answer 39

Gilberts syndrome | UDP Glucoronyl transferase works less

Question 40

Which Hep virus usually present with acute course

Answer 40

HAV

Question 41

FIrst response Immunoglobulin

Answer 41

IgM

Question 42

RF and ANA stands for

Answer 42

Rehumatoid Factor | Anti Nuclear Ab

Question 43

RF and ANA indictes of

Answer 43

Autoimmune disorder

Question 44

Autoimmune hepatitis types

Answer 44

Type 1 more common. Adults | Type 2 rare. Kids

Question 45

Serum a amylase value

Answer 45

<180 U/L

Question 46

Serum creatinine

Answer 46

40-130 microM

Question 47

Serum WBC

Answer 47

<10 G/L

Question 48

Serum urea

Answer 48

3.5-7 mM

Question 49

DIagnose GERD

Answer 49

Esophegeal manometry Endoscopy Biopsy for H.pylori

Question 50

Pain shortly after food suggests

Answer 50

Peptic ulcer

Question 51

Ab common in Crohn's

Answer 51

ASCA

Question 52

Ab common in UC

Answer 52

P-ANCA

Question 53

Tests for lactose intolerance

Answer 53

Lactose H breath test Blood glucose Stool acidity

Question 54

How can we decrease PRL

Answer 54

Dopamine agonist

Question 55

How do we investigate acromegaly?

Answer 55

- GH level - IGF-1 levels - OGGT (glucose inhibits GH) - Imaging

Question 56

Hypercholesteremia when T3/T4 decrease

Answer 56

Bcs ususally they stimulate LDL-R

Question 57

When the problem is in the pituitary it is _____

Answer 57

Secondary

Question 58

Normal urine density

Answer 58

1.01 Kg/L

Question 59

Diabetes insipidus can be

Answer 59

Central | Nephrogenic (problem with ADH-R)

Question 60

Obsessive drinking

Answer 60

Psychogenic Polydipsia

Question 61

hCG is

Answer 61

LH analoge

Question 62

hCG administration with no response

Answer 62

Primary hypogonadism

Question 63

Graves disease

Answer 63

Hyperthyroidism | Thyroid stimulating Ab bind TSH-R

Question 64

Hypothyroidism

Answer 64

Hashimotos and Iodine def.

Question 65

Which nodules have higher chances of malignancy

Answer 65

Cold

Question 66

MIT/DIT elevated | T3/T4 decreased

Answer 66

TPO deficiency | Dyshormonogetic Goiter

Question 67

RAIU

Answer 67

Radio Active Iodine Uptake

Question 68

How do we check for thyroid melignancy?

Answer 68

Scintigraphy with Iodine 123