Labs 7-10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory?

A

Sensory: input remembered for a fraction of a second.

Short term: input is given attention and remembered for 1-2 minutes (usually with rehearsal)

Long term memory: memories that have been encoded and can be retrieved.

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2
Q

How is long term memory measured?

A
  • Ebbinghaus Relearning method: 80% forgotten after first day, Reviewing brings it to 100% and you forget slower.
  • Recall (%) and Recognition (Hits and False Alarms)
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3
Q

What is the serial position effect? Which memories are long term and short term?

A

Primary effect + Recency effect.
You remember the first few items (LTM) and last few items (STM)

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4
Q

What is Normal Distribution and Standard Deviation?

A

Normal Distribution: the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. Data is symmetrically distributed with no skew.

Standard Deviation: defines the extent to which data points in a dataset deviate from the mean, providing a clear sense of the variability or spread within the data.

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5
Q

What is biological sex vs gender?

A

Biological Sex: biological attributes associated with physical physiological aspects like
chromosomes, gene expression, hormone levels and function, and reproductive/sexual anatomy. M or F.

Gender: socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women,
boys, men, and gender diverse people.

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6
Q

What is a stereotype, prejudice, and bias?

A

Stereoptypes: previously learned associations that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristic. Cognitivecbased or LEARNED. Activation is automatic (perception) and EVERYONE has similar knowledge of these stereotypes.

Prejudice: the emotional responses associated with stereotypes and the person endorses the stereotypes.

Bias: “a preparation or readiness for response…not behaviour, but the precondition of behaviour.”

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7
Q

How does the IAT measure implicit associations?

A
  • The IAT asks you to pair a target with one of two concepts.
  • The stronger someone has learned to associate the two concepts, the easier/faster it is to respond.
  • If elderly and good are not so strongly associated, it should be harder to respond fast when they are paired.
  • This gives a measure of how strongly associated the two types of
    concepts are.

The more associated, the more rapidly you should be able to respond

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8
Q

What is Response Latency and Interference?

A

Response Latency: The Faster one responds is an index of attitude accessibility, and this relates to attitude strength

Interference: In this case there is automatic activation of strongly associated terms. Automatic always activates
before controlled behaviour, creating an interference in responding.

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9
Q

What is the “Stroop Interference Task?”

A
  • Name out loud a series of 20 colour names based on the actual WORDs presented or the colour of the INK of the words (or in some cases colour patches).
  • MEASURING REACTION TIMES in SECONDS to read the whole set.
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10
Q

How is reaction time a measure of cognitive processes?

A
  • The Information Processing Model of Cognitive Processes Reaction time measures human performance and the speed of cognitive processes.
  • When we respond to a stimulus, the time it takes to respond is determined by the processing steps that information must flow through to accomplish the task.
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11
Q

What is the Subtractive Technique (to measure the decision stage of processing)?

A

Comparing SIMPLE vs CHOICE reaction times

  • e.g. using one or two hands to press a button on a signal.

CHOICE: students press a button with either their left or right hand on a signal “left” or “right”

SIMPLE: when asked to respond with only one hand – e.g., with right hand no decision stage is required.

The difference in time between Choice and Simple Reaction Times is therefore the time it took to process the decision stage.

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12
Q

How does Automatic vs. Controlled processing reveal how much attention is required?

A

An automatic process: without attention, involuntary, no complicated thinking.

Controlled processes: process under the flexible, intentional control of the individual, that the individual is consciously aware of, and that are effortful and constrained by the amount of attentional resources available.

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13
Q

What were the baseline conditions (measuring the stages when there is no possible interference) in the “Stroop Interference Task?”

A
  • Shown as a colour block
  • Reading a word in black text
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14
Q

How much sleep is needed to process information and what are the 5 stages of sleep (1-4 and 5)?

A

9-10 hours, 90 minute REM cycles

Stages1-4 is non-REM sleep (No eye movements, fewer more
mundane dreams).

Stage 5 is REM sleep (Vivid dreams and rapid eye movements).

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15
Q

What are the negative consequences of sleep deprevation?

A
  • Stress
  • Decreased immune system
  • Increased risk of mental health issues
  • Increased risk for physical health issues (cardiovascular problems
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16
Q

What do dreams do?

A
  • Process emotions, consolidate memories, integrate new experiences
  • Learn new strategies
  • Stimulate threatening events
17
Q

What is the Jungian Dream Analysis?

A

Introspection interprets dreams using 3 steps:

  1. Macro Analysis – emotion and plot line
  2. Micro Analysis – Decoding dream elements, symbols, free association
  3. Conclusions and Resolutions – What is the dream telling you about your life?
18
Q

What are projective techniques and projection tests?

A

Describing imagery out of context to see the subconscious.

Evokes the Availability Heuristic – pulling what’s strongest, what’s easiest to come to mind, what’s useful.

  • Rorschach inkblot test
  • Thematic Apperception Test - TAT
  • Pseudo-dreams!