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PSY100 > Chapter 6 -- Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 -- Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

A systematic method or approach to understanding changes in behaviour

  • focuses solely on observable behaviours
  • discounts the importance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
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2
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

A learned change in behaviour to a novel stimulus after repeated or continuous exposure to that stimulus.

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of non-associative learning?

A
  • Habituation: Ignoring unnecessary, repeated low-intensity stimuli for our own well-being. (Ex: annoying clocks ticking, skin touching clothes)
  • Sensitization: Increase in responses to repeated high-intensity stimuli. (Alarm clocks, sounds in your home after a horror movie)
  • Imprinting: animals form a close and dependent bond with the first animal they see after being born and copy their mannerisms.
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4
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two stimuli or events.

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5
Q

What are the two types of conditioning associated with associative learning?

A

Classical conditioning: organisms learn the association between 2 stimuli and that makes up their knowledge.

Operant conditioning: organisms learn the association between behaviour and consequence.

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6
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behaviour.

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7
Q

What is learning defined as?

A

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from cognitive experience.

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8
Q

What is an unconditional stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

A

unconditioned stimulus (US): produces a response without prior learning. (FOOD)

conditioned stimulus (CS): previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. (BUZZER)

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9
Q

What is an unconditioned response and a conditioned response?

A

unconditioned response (UR): unlearned reaction that is evoked by the unconditioned stimulus. (DOG SALIVATES WHEN IT SEES FOOD)

conditioned response (CR): learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus pairing. (DOG SALIVATES WHEN IT HEARS BUZZER)

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10
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. Happens due to contiguity and contingency.

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11
Q

How do contiguity and contingency work?

A

contiguity: CS and US are presented close together in time.

contingency: CS must indicate that the US is on its way.

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12
Q

What is generalization in classical conditioning and why is it not always beneficial?

A

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to evoke a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

  • Cat responds to a harmless minnow and applies this same response when in the presence of a dangerous piranha.
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13
Q

How does discrimination work against the flaws of generalizations?

A

Individuals learn to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

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14
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

  • Pavlov stopped giving his dogs food when the buzzer sounded and they stopped salivating
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15
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

A

An extinguished conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

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16
Q

What is renewal?

A

The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.

  • Drug addicts may not crave drugs in the recovery facility, but experience them when they return to their homes.
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17
Q

How does classical conditioning explain fears in terms of John B. Watson’s Little Albert experiment?

A

Bad experiences create schemas and cause fears

  • Rat turned into CS
  • Loud noise was US and his reaction to it (as a baby) was the UR
  • Pairing of rat (neutral/CS) and loud noise (US)
  • Albert became afraid of the rat (CR)
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18
Q

What is counterconditioning?

A

A classical conditioning procedure that involves the conditioning of an undesired response to a stimulus into a desired response.

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19
Q

What is aversive conditioning?

A

A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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20
Q

How are the immune and endocrine systems affected by classical conditioning?

A

Immunosuppresion occurs: decrease in bodies production of antibodies

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21
Q

What is taste aversion?

A

A learned association between taste and nausea.

22
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removing an unwanted stimulus in order to encourage good behaviour.

23
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

The introduction of a desirable stimulus after a behaviour

24
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

A

Behaviours followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviours followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

25
Q

How does contingency work in operant conditioning?

A

Consequences to behaviours must happen consistently, and any disruptions may interfere with previous training.

26
Q

What is shaping?

A

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behaviour.

27
Q

What are the 3 assumptions of learning theories applied to animals and humans?

A

– Responses are learned rather than innate
– Learning is adaptive
– Our experiments can uncover the laws of learning.

28
Q

What is forward, simultaneous, and backward conditioning?

A

Forward: CS precedes US (best method)

Simultaneous: CS and US go together

Backward: CS goes after US (worst method)

29
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

A response to negative reinforcement where an organism can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response even if the stimulus isn’t present.

  • putting earplugs in before entering an environment where loud noises might occur
30
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

An organism’s learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.

  • Why people in abusive relationships fail to see an opportunity to leave
31
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; a primary reinforcer does not require any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable.

  • Water when thirsty
32
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

A learned or conditioned reinforcer.

  • Receiving money from your paycheque helps you obtain primary reinforcers.
33
Q

What is generalization in operant conditioning?

A

Performing a reinforced behaviour in a different situation.

  • Pigeons reinforced for pecking a disk, when presented multiple coloured disks, pigeons picked the ones closest to the original colour.
34
Q

What is discrimination in operant conditioning?

A

Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behaviour will or will not be reinforced.

  • Only presenting your student ID when “Student Discount” signs are shown.
35
Q

What is extinction in operant conditioning?

A

Decreases in the frequency of a behaviour when the behavior is no longer reinforced/rewarded.

  • Can be resistant when partial reinforcement conditioning occurs.
36
Q

What is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

what is its response pattern, and how does it resist against extinction?

A
  • Reinforcement after a set number of responses
  • EXAMPLE: Every time you get a good grade you get to choose a game to play.
  • High rate of response followed by a pause in the behaviour after the reinforcer is given
  • Higher ratios lead to more resistance to extinction
37
Q

What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

what is its response pattern, and how does it resist against extinction?

A
  • Reinforcement after a variable number of responses
  • EXAMPLE: Being randomly rewarded with a prize wheel
  • Steady rate of responses
  • More resistance to extinction.
38
Q

What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

what is its response pattern, and how does it resist against extinction?

A
  • Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time.
  • EXAMPLE: Receiving allowance every Friday if I clean my room, cleaning it on Thursdays and letting mess accumulate because I only clean it on Thursdays to get Friday’s allowance.
  • Pause will occur after receiving the reinforcer (cleaning the room), then the behaviour will be engaged in at a higher rate as time nears for the next reinforcement (Thursday to Friday).
  • Longer intervals lead to more resistance to extinction.
39
Q

What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

what is its response pattern, and how does it resist against extinction?

A
  • Reinforcement after a variable amount of time
  • EXAMPLE: My mom would check my math workbook a few times a week and offer praise if I was on track.
  • Moderate and steady rate of response to the behaviour.
  • More resistance to extinction than fixed interval schedules.
40
Q

What is positive punishment

A

The presentation of a stimulus after a behaviour in order to decrease the frequency of that behaviour.

  • My parking ticket
41
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Removing a stimulus after a behaviour in order to decrease the frequency of that behaviour.

  • Losing my driving privileges because I hit the curb.
42
Q

What are the difficulties in punishment?

A
  • Learners may not understand which behaviour is being punished.
  • Learners may come to fear teachers rather than the punishment associated with the action.
  • Aggression leads to future aggression
43
Q

What is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behaviour?

A

Applied behaviour analysis

Behaviour modification

44
Q

What is preparedness?

A

The species-specific biological tendency to learn in certain ways but not others.

– Snakes (CS) lead to electric shock (US) that evokes fear (CR)
– Flowers (CS) lead to electric shock (US) are weaker when evoking fear (CR)
- Snakes are naturally fear-evoking

45
Q

What are the four main processes involved in observational learning?

A

Attention: noticing behaviour

Retention: info goes to memory

Motor Reproduction: copying behaviour

Reinforcement: consequences

46
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behaviour.

EXAMPLE: Exploring campus for better routes to better prepare me for my walk to class.

47
Q

What is insight learning?

A

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.

  • Kohler’s experiment: Sultan the chimp saw the boxes to help him reach the high bananas.
48
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning from anecdotal evidence/others’ experiences.

49
Q

How has Tolman’s work made it i today’s psychology’s interest in goal setting?

A

– Classical and operant conditioning give individuals expectancies

– Behaviour occurs when there is an ideal reinforcer waiting.

50
Q

What is the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behaviour that interferes with learning?

A

Instinctive drift

51
Q

What are the 4 important variables involved in the human stress response?

A

Predictability (stress with warning is less stressful than without it).

Perceived Control (over stimuli)

Perceptions of Improvement (seeing a stressful situation get better)

Outlets for Frustration

PSY100 (7 decks)

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