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PSY100 > Chapter 9 -- Development > Flashcards

Chapter 9 -- Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are core developmental issues?

A

Things that delineate the interacting forces of nature and nurture
– Maturation: Refers to biologically determined
changes that follow an orderly sequence

Things that determine the importance of early experiences
– The notion of “critical periods”

Things that assess whether change is continuous or in
qualitative stages

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2
Q

What is a critical period?

A

Critical period concept suggests that the brain is set to acquire a function during a limited period of time.
* If key experiences do not occur during a critical time
period, the function may not develop or be
fully developed
– The case of Genie: a girl who was isolated until the age of 13. Although Genie made some gains in language, her syntax never approached normal levels. The case of Genie
supports a critical period for language acquisition.

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3
Q

What is cross-sectional developmental methodology?

A
  • comparing groups of different
    ages at the same time
  • useful for assessing age differences
    – not useful for examining age changes
  • each age group (cohort) has different life experiences
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4
Q

What is the longitudinal developmental method?

A

Longitudinal method compares same group at
multiple time points

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5
Q

What is the sequential developmental method?

A

Sequential studies examine different age groups at
multiple time points, reducing cohort effects.

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6
Q

What are the 3 phases of prenatal period?

A

Germinal period (1st 2 weeks after conception)

Embryonic period: 3rd to 8th weeks of gestation

Fetal period: from 9 weeks to birth

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7
Q

What are teratogens?

A

environmental agents that harm the fetus (viruses, chemicals)

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8
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

the mother consumes
alcohol during pregnancy, the fetus is exposed to
the alcohol, which can lead to abnormal physical
development and to learning disabilities

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9
Q

What are the 3 most important infant reflexes?

A

Rooting: stroking a baby’s cheek causes their head to turn towards you for feeding.

Sucking reflex: tactile stimulation of the mouth produces rhythmic sucking.

Moro/Startle: Loud noises/falling sensation causes babies to extend limbs and cry. Survival instinct to help the infant cling to its mother

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10
Q

What is preferential looking?

A

A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at.

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11
Q

How do schemas develop?

A

assimilation: an individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

accommodation: an individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information.

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12
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

1) sensorimotor stage (0-2 yrs)

2) preoperational (2-7 yrs)

3) concrete operational (7-11 yrs)

4) formal operational (12+ yrs)

SMART PEOPLE CANT FORGET

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13
Q

What happens during the sensorimotor stage?

A

Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.

Object permanence: Piaget’s term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

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14
Q

What is temperament in emotional development?

A

A measure of mood based on activity level and how much activity (how much does a baby laugh, cry, etc.).

Best single predictor of personality type at the age of 10.

It helps us categorize children
- easy children
- behaviourally inhibited
- difficult children
- slow to warm up/difficult mix

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15
Q

What is secure attachment in emotional development?

A
  • Curious, searches its environment
  • Consistent caregiver
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16
Q

What is anxious-ambivalent attachment in emotional development?

A
  • Babies are anxious and ambivalent about the safety that the caregiver provides for them
  • Inconsistent caregiver
17
Q

What is avoidant attachment in emotional development?

A
  • The baby is indifferent towards the presence or disappearance of a caregiver.
  • No trust in caregiver. Child’s needs have not been met through neglect.
18
Q

What happens during the preoperational stage?

A

Thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

19
Q

What happens during the concrete operational stage?

A

the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.

20
Q

What happens during the formal operational stage?

A

thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future.

21
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?

A
  • Cognitive development is an interpersonal process that happens in a cultural context
  • Cognitive development allows children to be competent in their particular culture
  • They’re not learning how to think of the world, but THEIR WORLD
22
Q

What is information processing theory?

A
  • Explains how individuals encode, manipulate, and monitor info, and create strategies for handling it by compares the human mind to a computer
  • Focuses on memory and executive function
23
Q

What are Erikson’s Stages of socioemotional development during infancy and childhood?

A

Trust vs mistrust

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

Initiative vs guilt

Industry vs inferiority

Identity vs. Confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Self-Absorbtion

Integrity vs. Despair

24
Q

What are Diana Baumrind’s 4 basic styles of parenting?

A

Authoritarian

Authoritative

Neglectful

Permissive

25
Q

What is Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral development?

A

Moral reasoning is based on operant conditioning

26
Q

What is Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development?

A

Individuals abide by standards learned from parents or laws.

27
Q

What is Kohlberg’s postconventional level of moral development?

A

Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, options, and develops a personal moral code.

28
Q

What are the 5 foundations that people take into account as they consider moral issues?

A

Care

Fairness

Loyalty

Authority

Purity

29
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is intended to benefit other people.

30
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Neurons that were seldom stimulated during childhood lose their synapse.

31
Q

How does the brain change during adolescence?

A

The amygdala develops faster than the prefrontal cortex

  • explains risky behaviour and emotional outbursts
32
Q

What is conservation?

A

Understanding that the basic
properties of an object are constant even if the object
changes shape.

33
Q

According to James Marcia, what are the 2 dimensions that characterize an adolescent’s identity and status?

A

Exploration: investigating various options for your career and personal value.

Commitment: deciding which identity path to follow and making a personal investment to attain it.

34
Q

What did Jeffery Arnett identify as the 5 main features of emerging adulthood?

A
  • Identity exploration (in love/work)
  • Instability
  • Self-focus
  • Feeling “in between”
  • Age of possibilities
35
Q

How do older adults navigate the physical changes associated with age?

A

Selective optimization with compensation: older adults will match their goals with their current abilities and compensate for declines by finding other ways to do the things they enjoy.

  • EX: A mother with grown up kids may want to work part-time as a babysitter.
36
Q

What is the cellular-clock theory?

A

cells can divide a maximum of about 100 times and as we age these cells become less capable of dividing.

37
Q

What is the free-radical theory?

A

The frailty associated with old age results from the production of unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals produced inside our cells.

  • General feeling of poor well-being, weight loss, decreased strength, poor balance
38
Q

What is the hormonal stress theory?

A

Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

39
Q

What are Gottman’s 4 principles at work in successful marriages?

A
  • Nurturing fondness and admiration
  • Turning toward each other as friends
  • Giving up some power
  • Solving conflicts together

PSY100 (7 decks)

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