Chapter 10 -- Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What is motivation and what are the 3 qualities of motivated behaviour?

Answer 1

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.

Motivated behaviour is energized, directed, and sustained.

Question 2

What is the evolutionary approach to motivation?

Answer 2

• We behave based on instinct (innate biological patterns of behaviour)
• We follow the domains of life that are relevant to reproduction
• Some behaviours are too complex to be fully explained by a fixed action pattern set by signals in our environment

Question 3

What is a drive and a need?

Answer 3

Drive: An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Need: A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce deprivation.

Drives don’t always follow needs and sometimes seem to come out of nowhere

Question 4

What does the Drive Reduction Theory say about motivation?

Answer 4

As a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it, and we do this via homeostasis.

• This doesn’t explain why people behave in ways that increase a drive, like working a difficult job vs avoiding the stress.

Question 5

What does the Optimum Arousal Theory say about behaviour?

Answer 5

There should be a level of arousal that is ideal for facilitating goal development.

Question 6

What is the Yerkes–Dodson law?

Answer 6

The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

Question 7

What is overlearning? How do we see it in people who perform best under pressure?

Answer 7

Overlearning: learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic.

• Under pressure, performers under pressure are under high arousal and can rely on autopilot. Success depends on how well they know what to do so it requires minimal thought.

Question 8

What is the hypothalamic regulation of eating?

Answer 8

• Hypothalamus receives
  information regarding nutrient levels in body
• In the LATERAL REGION:
• Stimulation induces eating
• Lesions of the lateral region produce starvation
• In the VENTROMEDIAL REGION:
• Lesions induce overeating
• Stimulation inhibits eating

Question 9

What two areas of the brain play a role in hunger?

Answer 9

Lateral hypothalamus: stimulates hunger

Ventromedial hypothalamus: reduces hunger

Question 10

What are the psychological factors in eating and obesity?

Answer 10

EVOLUTIONARY: our ancestors developed a preference for sweet and fatty foods for the calories in them. With time, sweet and fatty foods have decreased nutritional value.

PORTION AND PLATE SIZE

Question 11

What is anorexia nervosa?

Answer 11

An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

• Restricted food intake
• Intense fear of gaining weight
• Distorted body image
• Thinning of bones and hair, constipation and low BP

Question 12

What is bulimia nervosa?

Answer 12

An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

• sore throat, dental problems
• gastrointestinal disorders, kidney problems and dehydration

Question 13

What is binge eating disorder?

Answer 13

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating more food in a short period of time than most people would eat and during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

• food is used to regulate emotions
• high stress

Question 14

What is self-actualization on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 14

The motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being—the highest and most elusive of Maslow’s proposed needs.

Question 15

What does Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory say?

Answer 15

all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: COMPETENCE, RELATEDNESS, AND AUTONOMY.

• NOT a drive-reduction theory as they concern personal growth

Question 16

What is competence in self-determination theory?

Answer 16

When an individual feels like they can accomplish a desired outcome.

Question 17

What is relatedness in self-determination theory?

Answer 17

The need to engage in warm, meaningful relations with other people to be nurtured.

Question 18

What is autonomy in self-determination theory?

Answer 18

The sense that individuals are in control of their own life. Behaviour is self-motivated.

Question 19

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 19

Motivation based on internal factors such as the needs of the self-determination theory (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun.

• EX: People choose to work stressful jobs because it’s fulfilling even though drive-reduction theory explains why they should want to avoid stress.

Question 20

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 20

Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

• EX: Some people work stressful jobs for the higher salaries

Question 21

What is self-regulation?

Answer 21

When an organism effortfully controls behaviour in order to pursue important objectives.

• Receiving feedback, reflecting, and acting on it.

Question 22

How do you define emotion?

Answer 22

A feeling that involves:
- physiological arousal
- conscious experience
- behavioural expression.

Question 23

How are emotions related to our nervous systems?

Answer 23

Emotions are associated with sympathetic nervous system, meaning that arousal plays a role in emotional experience.

Question 24

How can we measure SNS activity?

Answer 24

Skin conductance level: increases in the skin’s electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases.

polygraph: measures heart rate, breathing and SCL (50% accurate).

Question 25

What is the James–Lange theory of emotion?

Answer 25

The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.

• Emotion comes after physical reaction
• EX: You do not run away from a bull because you are afraid. You are afraid because you run away.

Question 26

Why is the James–Lange theory flawed?

Answer 26

Walter Cannon argued that different emotions could not be associated with specific physical changes because the autonomic nervous system responses are too slow to account for rapid and different emotional responses.

Question 27

What is the Cannon–Bard theory?

Answer 27

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

• EX: When you see the bull coming at you, it stimulates your ANS to produce physical changes, while simultaneously sending messages to your cerebral cortex where emotion is perceived.

Question 28

What is the two-factor theory of emotion? (Schacter–Singer theory of emotion)

Answer 28

Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labelling.

• We look to the world for an explanation of why we are aroused.

Question 29

What is the misattribution of arousal phenomenon?

Answer 29

When an individual incorrectly attributes their physiological arousal to a person or situation that did not cause it.

• Bridge and woman example

Question 30

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 30

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.

• Supports the James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 31

What are display rules?

Answer 31

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed

Question 32

How do we classify emotions?

Answer 32

VALENCE: whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant makes it a positive or negative affect.

AROUSAL: the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual’s being active versus passive behaviour.

MOTIVATIONAL QUALITY: how they avoid punishers or approach rewards

Question 33

What is the broaden-and-build model?

Answer 33

Fredrickson’s model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual’s attention and ability to build resources.

• Example: resilience

Question 34

What is the incentive theory of emotion?

Answer 34

• Incentive theories propose that external stimuli regulate motivational states.
• An incentive is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
• Drive theories say that the source of motivation lies within the organism
• Incentive theories emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions

Question 35

What are the two neuropsychological paths for processing emotions?

Answer 35

• the thalamus receives sensory input and channels the signals to two places.

1) information is rapidly sent to the amygdala where instinctive and reflexive autonomic reactions take place

2) the information is sent more slowly to the cortex where experience, environmental cues, and physiological reactions can all be assessed before taking action. Rapid, instinctive responding to threatening stimuli may be the difference between life and death in some circumstances, whereas reasoned, logical responses are slower, but will better take into account the next appropriate behavioral response to the situation.

Question 36

What are the 5 basic emotional states?

Answer 36

anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise