labs 6-10

Question 1

How many liters of air do we inhale daily?

Answer 1

2,000,000L

Question 2

How many breaths does the average person take every minute?

Answer 2

15-18 breaths

Question 3

How does exercise and hyperventilation affect breathing?

Answer 3

Ventilation and heart rate increase

Question 4

Inspiration

Answer 4

allows air to flow into the lungs

Question 5

Expiration

Answer 5

gases leaving the lungs, moving air out.

Question 6

Expiratory Reserve

Answer 6

amount of air that can be exhaled during normal breathing (800-1300mL)

Question 7

Inspiratory Reserve

Answer 7

amount of air that CAN be inhaled during normal breathing. (2500-3500mL)

Question 8

Residual Volume

Answer 8

air that cannot be exhaled (1200mL) (CANNOT forcefully be breathed out)

Question 9

Vital Capacity

Answer 9

tidal/expiratory/inspiratory volumes

Question 10

Tidal Volume

Answer 10

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a single breath (500mL)

Question 11

Alveoli

Answer 11

AIR SACS: exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 12

What measures lung capacity?

Answer 12

Spirometer

Question 13

In which way does air move from?

Answer 13

it moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

Question 14

what is the equation ?

Answer 14

VC=TV+IRV+ERV

Question 15

What is the equation for total lung capacity?

Answer 15

Total lung Capacity (TLC) =RV + IVC

Question 16

Contract

Answer 16

ribs/diaphragm extended during INSPIRATION- where these muscles contract

Question 17

Relaxed

Answer 17

diaphragm smaller/compressed

Question 18

what happens when forced expiration ?

Answer 18

Abdominal muscles contract

Question 19

Function of Sclera

Answer 19

Protects and supports eyeball

Question 20

Function of cornea

Answer 20

refracts light rays

Question 21

Function of retina

Answer 21

inner layer of eye that contains receptors (rods and cones )

Question 22

Rods

Answer 22

black and white/night vision

Question 23

Cones

Answer 23

Color vision/bright light

Question 24

Fovea Centralis

Answer 24

make acute vision possible

Question 25

Lens

Answer 25

refracts and focuses light rays

Question 26

Ciliary Body

Answer 26

holds lens in place, functions in accommodation

Question 27

Iris

Answer 27

regulates light entrance

Question 28

pupil

Answer 28

admits light

Question 29

humors

Answer 29

transmit and refract light rays

Question 30

Optic nerve

Answer 30

transmits impulses to occipital lobe of brain

Question 31

What determines how well the eye can accommodate ?

Answer 31

The elasticity of lens

Question 32

When looking at distant objects

Answer 32

lens is in a flattened state

Question 33

When Looking at closer objects

Answer 33

lens is more rounded

Question 34

when ciliary muscles are CONTRACTED

Answer 34

lens is more rounded

Question 35

What consists of the outer ear? (collect sound waves)

Answer 35

Pinna and auditory canal

Question 36

What consists of the middle ear? (amplify sound waves by ossicles)

Answer 36

The ossicles are stapes, incus, malleus

Question 37

What consists of the inner ear?

Answer 37

Semicircular canals/vestibule (utricle and saccule)/ Cochlea (spiral organ snail like)

Question 38

What senses touch

Answer 38

Meissner corpuscles, Merkel disks, root hair plexus

Question 39

What senses pressure

Answer 39

Ruffini endings/ Pacinian corpuscles

Question 40

Compact bone

Answer 40

consists of closely packed osteons, or haversian system

Question 41

Spongy bone

Answer 41

consists of plates of bone, called trabeculae, around irregular spaces that contain red bone marrow.

Question 42

How many axial bones?

Answer 42

80 that include: the head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum.

Question 43

How many appendicular bones?

Answer 43

126 that include arms, shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet.

Question 44

Flexor muscles

Answer 44

a muscle whose contraction bends a limb or other part of the body.

Question 45

Extensor muscles

Answer 45

a muscle whose contraction extends or straightens a limb or other part of the body.

Question 46

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 46

INVOLUNTARY in heart, striated, contain alternating light and dark bands

Question 47

Smooth Muscle

Answer 47

INVOLUNTARY Walls of hollow organs, such as bladder, blood vessels, uterus, and digestive tract; nonstriated and spindle shaped cells.

Question 48

Skeletal Muscles

Answer 48

VOLUNTARY, has striations, tubular, multinucleated, movement of body. ATTACHES TO TENDONS AND BONE. stimulated by the nervous system.

Question 49

What are the two types of movement?

Answer 49

Flexion and Extension (movement of jointed parts opposite direction)

Question 50

What is the other types of movement?

Answer 50

Adduction and Abduction (movement of a part of midline of body)

Question 51

Gastrula

Answer 51

embryo

Question 52

Cleavage

Answer 52

mitotic divisions, single-celled zygote divides into multiple smaller cells.

Question 53

Gastrulation

Answer 53

embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula

Question 54

Neurulation

Answer 54

bending of neural plate and forming neural tube.

Question 55

Morula

Answer 55

bundle of cells 16-32 cells.

Question 56

Ectoderm

Answer 56

epidermis of skin: epithelial lining of oral cavity and rectum

Question 57

Endoderm

Answer 57

Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory tract

Question 58

Mesoderm

Answer 58

skeleton, muscular system, dermis of skin

Question 59

Early gastrula stage

Answer 59

double layers form ECTODERM(outer layer) and ENDODERM (inner layer)

Question 60

LATE GASTRULA STAGE

Answer 60

MESODERM forms. (middle layer) Last layer