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Bio 3000 final > labs 6-10 > Flashcards

labs 6-10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many liters of air do we inhale daily?

A

2,000,000L

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2
Q

How many breaths does the average person take every minute?

A

15-18 breaths

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3
Q

How does exercise and hyperventilation affect breathing?

A

Ventilation and heart rate increase

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4
Q

Inspiration

A

allows air to flow into the lungs

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5
Q

Expiration

A

gases leaving the lungs, moving air out.

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6
Q

Expiratory Reserve

A

amount of air that can be exhaled during normal breathing (800-1300mL)

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7
Q

Inspiratory Reserve

A

amount of air that CAN be inhaled during normal breathing. (2500-3500mL)

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8
Q

Residual Volume

A

air that cannot be exhaled (1200mL) (CANNOT forcefully be breathed out)

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9
Q

Vital Capacity

A

tidal/expiratory/inspiratory volumes

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10
Q

Tidal Volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a single breath (500mL)

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

AIR SACS: exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

What measures lung capacity?

A

Spirometer

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13
Q

In which way does air move from?

A

it moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

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14
Q

what is the equation ?

A

VC=TV+IRV+ERV

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15
Q

What is the equation for total lung capacity?

A

Total lung Capacity (TLC) =RV + IVC

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16
Q

Contract

A

ribs/diaphragm extended during INSPIRATION- where these muscles contract

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17
Q

Relaxed

A

diaphragm smaller/compressed

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18
Q

what happens when forced expiration ?

A

Abdominal muscles contract

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19
Q

Function of Sclera

A

Protects and supports eyeball

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20
Q

Function of cornea

A

refracts light rays

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21
Q

Function of retina

A

inner layer of eye that contains receptors (rods and cones )

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22
Q

Rods

A

black and white/night vision

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23
Q

Cones

A

Color vision/bright light

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24
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

make acute vision possible

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25
Q

Lens

A

refracts and focuses light rays

26
Q

Ciliary Body

A

holds lens in place, functions in accommodation

27
Q

Iris

A

regulates light entrance

28
Q

pupil

A

admits light

29
Q

humors

A

transmit and refract light rays

30
Q

Optic nerve

A

transmits impulses to occipital lobe of brain

31
Q

What determines how well the eye can accommodate ?

A

The elasticity of lens

32
Q

When looking at distant objects

A

lens is in a flattened state

33
Q

When Looking at closer objects

A

lens is more rounded

34
Q

when ciliary muscles are CONTRACTED

A

lens is more rounded

35
Q

What consists of the outer ear? (collect sound waves)

A

Pinna and auditory canal

36
Q

What consists of the middle ear? (amplify sound waves by ossicles)

A

The ossicles are stapes, incus, malleus

37
Q

What consists of the inner ear?

A

Semicircular canals/vestibule (utricle and saccule)/ Cochlea (spiral organ snail like)

38
Q

What senses touch

A

Meissner corpuscles, Merkel disks, root hair plexus

39
Q

What senses pressure

A

Ruffini endings/ Pacinian corpuscles

40
Q

Compact bone

A

consists of closely packed osteons, or haversian system

41
Q

Spongy bone

A

consists of plates of bone, called trabeculae, around irregular spaces that contain red bone marrow.

42
Q

How many axial bones?

A

80 that include: the head, facial, hyoid, auditory, trunk, ribs, and sternum.

43
Q

How many appendicular bones?

A

126 that include arms, shoulders, wrists, hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet.

44
Q

Flexor muscles

A

a muscle whose contraction bends a limb or other part of the body.

45
Q

Extensor muscles

A

a muscle whose contraction extends or straightens a limb or other part of the body.

46
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

INVOLUNTARY in heart, striated, contain alternating light and dark bands

47
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

INVOLUNTARY Walls of hollow organs, such as bladder, blood vessels, uterus, and digestive tract; nonstriated and spindle shaped cells.

48
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

VOLUNTARY, has striations, tubular, multinucleated, movement of body. ATTACHES TO TENDONS AND BONE. stimulated by the nervous system.

49
Q

What are the two types of movement?

A

Flexion and Extension (movement of jointed parts opposite direction)

50
Q

What is the other types of movement?

A

Adduction and Abduction
(movement of a part of midline of body)

51
Q

Gastrula

A

embryo

52
Q

Cleavage

A

mitotic divisions, single-celled zygote divides into multiple smaller cells.

53
Q

Gastrulation

A

embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula

54
Q

Neurulation

A

bending of neural plate and forming neural tube.

55
Q

Morula

A

bundle of cells 16-32 cells.

56
Q

Ectoderm

A

epidermis of skin: epithelial lining of oral cavity and rectum

57
Q

Endoderm

A

Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory tract

58
Q

Mesoderm

A

skeleton, muscular system, dermis of skin

59
Q

Early gastrula stage

A

double layers form ECTODERM(outer layer) and ENDODERM (inner layer)

60
Q

LATE GASTRULA STAGE

A

MESODERM forms. (middle layer) Last layer

Bio 3000 final (6 decks)

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