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Bio 3000 final > Chapter 46 bio > Flashcards

Chapter 46 bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Digestion

A

Food is broken down into smaller molecules

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2
Q

What is Absorption?

A

ions, water and small molecules diffuse or are transported into the circulatory system

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3
Q

What is nutrient absorption?

A

the process of consuming and using food as nutrients

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4
Q

What is the order of Digestion? from first to last.

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

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5
Q

What are the 5 organic nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates
proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Vitamins

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6
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

carbon source, starchy plants

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7
Q

What are proteins?

A

Meat, builds muscle

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8
Q

What are lipids?

A

-Building blocks of cell membranes
-fatty meats
-insulator
-plant oils

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9
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

-components can be synthesized from amino acids and sugar

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10
Q

what happens if you lack carbohydrates?

A

cause weakness in muscles and weight loss

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11
Q

what happens if lack of proteins?

A

muscle weakness
-weight loss

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12
Q

what happens if lack lipids?

A

hair loss, dry skin, weight loss, and hormone imbalance.

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13
Q

what happens if lack nucleic acid ?

A

no effects if not present

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14
Q

What is ingestion ?

A

food is taken into the body and moved into the digestive cavity

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15
Q

what is egestion ?

A

undigested materials and other wastes are passed from the body

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16
Q

What are the four essential nutrients?

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
water-soluble vitamins
fat-soluble vitamins
minerals

17
Q

what are examples of Essential amino acids?

A

leucine and tryptophan

18
Q

what are examples of essential fatty acids ?

A

Linoleic acid, polyunsaturated
-Unsaturated fatty acids found primarily in plants
-Strict carnivores obtain them from fish or adipose tissue of birds and mammals

19
Q

what happens if you lack essential fatty acids?

A

effects smooth muscle contractions

20
Q

lack in what causes rickets and night blindness?

A

Vitamins A,D,E,K

21
Q

What is intracellular digestion?

A

Found in sponges
Phagocytosis of small bits of food.
-single celled organisms
-hydrolytic enzymes are in ALL cells
-does not meet metabolic demands
slow digestion and absorption

22
Q

What is Extracellular digestion?

A

Found in cnidarians and flatworms
-inferior of cells in protected by hydrolytic enzymes
-have GASTROVASCULAR cavity (single opening outside)
Large prey can be consumed

23
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

digestive cavity where food enters an opening on one end and passes through the animal in one direction, as it is digested.

24
Q

How are nutrients absorbed by the alimentary canal?

A

Nutrients must be absorbed by the epithelial cells lining alimentary canal

25
Q

what are the 3 ways they are transported.

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

26
Q

How are fatty acids transported ?

A

diffuse down concentration gradient across epithelium

27
Q

how are ions transported?

A

by facilitated diffusion or active transport

28
Q

how are minerals transported?

A

actively transported across membranes of epithelial cells by ATP dependent ion pumps

29
Q

What is the order of the way food is digested?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus

30
Q

what are carbohydrates digested by?

A

by amylase/brush border enzymes

31
Q

what are proteins digested by?

A

Proteases in stomach and small intestines

32
Q

what are lipids digested by?

A

lipases

33
Q

are vitamins and minerals digested ?

A

no, they are only absorped

34
Q

What role does hormones play?

A

regulate rate of digestion in epithelium of the stomach and small intestine

35
Q

What is gastrin ?

A

-stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the stomach
-stimulates acid production in the stomach

36
Q

What about secretin and cholecystokinin?

A

-release is stimulated by the arrival of acidic chyme in the small intestine

37
Q

impact of diarrhea on health

A

Typically caused by infection, but many other causes
Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae from ingesting
contaminated food or water
At least 2,000 people die each year
Chief concern is loss of nutrients and water and ensuing
Dehydration

38
Q

Heartburn on health

A

1 in 4 in the U.S. suffer
caused by stomach acid rising into esophagus
Many contributing factors

39
Q

Ulcers on health

A

Erosion of alimentary canal
Most common in stomach, small intestine, and lower esophagus
-Usually less than an inch wide if untreated, contents of lumen may leak into body cavity
20 million Americans have an ulcer

Bio 3000 final (6 decks)

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