chapter 50 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is endocrine gland?

A

Specialized glands that function in hormone synthesis and secretion
-comprise the endocrine the system

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2
Q

what are the classification of hormones?

A

-Amines - derived from tyrosine and tryptophane
-Polypeptides - most hormones
-Steroid hormones - cholesterol derivatives
Less soluble in water - require carriers

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3
Q

what are examples of amines?

A

Melatonin
epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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4
Q

what are examples of proteins/peptides?

A

Glucagon
Insulin
Leptin

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

what are examples of steroids?

A

testosterone
cortisol
aldosterone

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7
Q

what are water soluble hormones?

A

amine and polypeptide
-receptor located on plasma membrane
-initiates pathways that involve 2nd messengers since must use receptors

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8
Q

what are lipid soluble hormones ?

A

Steroids
-located in cytosol or nucleus
-influence multiple genes within a cells
functions as transcriptional activator

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9
Q

what links the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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10
Q

How are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connected?

A

by a thin piece of tissue called the infundbular stalk and portal veins

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11
Q

purpose of hormones?

A

Hormones modulate appetite, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and blood glucose concentration

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12
Q

what is thyroid hormone?

A

-Thyroid gland lies in neck of vertebrates
-Consists of follicles containing the colloid, with large amounts of thyroglobulin

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13
Q

what is Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which stimulates the thyroid to make thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T4 ) – 4 iodine atoms
Triiodothyronine (T3 ) – 3 iodine atoms

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14
Q

What is an example of a thyroid hormone?

A

Gluccorticoids

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15
Q

what do gluccorticods do?

A

they promote tissue breakdown
-break down protein, lipids of bone, immune, muscle and adipose tissue to provide energy
-also promote gluconeogenesis in liver during stress to raise blood glucose

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16
Q

what is oxytocin?

A

targets smooth muscle uterine contractions during birth and stimulates milk secretion

17
Q

what is Prolactin function ?

A

Stimulates milk formation in mammals; participates in mineral balance in other vertebrates

18
Q

what is type I diabetes ?

A

Immune system has mistakenly destroyed insulin-producing cells
-Glucose accumulates to high level in blood
-Treated by administration of insulin

19
Q

what is type II diabetes?

A

Cells of the body lose much of their ability to respond to insulin
-Associated with obesity

20
Q

what is Juvenile hormone?

A

-Determine the character of molt
-Prevents final step into adult
-Amount declines to 0, allowing metamorphosis into adult

21
Q

Regulation of Ca2+ balance

A

Among the most tightly regulated ions
1,25-dihydrocyvitamin D (a vitamin D derivative)
-facilitates calcium transport in small intestine
Bones lose Ca2+ if not present in blood

22
Q

what are gonads?

A

make gametes and secrete sex steroids

23
Q

What is found in males ?

A

testes secrete androgens (testosterone)

24
Q

what is found in females?

A

ovaries secrete estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone

25
Q

what are sex steroids responsible for ?

A

Sex-specific reproductive behaviors
Development of sex-specific phenotype
Maturation of gametes
Transition of young animals to reproductive maturity
Ability of females to produce offspring

26
Q

What is dietary Iodine?

A

-humans rely on iodine for the production of thyroid hormones
-if lacks iodine, the thyroid enlarges.

27
Q

what is the function of igf-1?

A

It stimulates elongation of bones, especially during puberty.