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Bio 3000 final > chapter 51 > Flashcards

chapter 51 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The production of a new individual by joining two parents’ gametes (haploid reproductive cells)

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2
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

-Offspring are produced from a single parent
-Offspring are genetically identical to the parent

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3
Q

what are 3 forms of asexual reproduction?

A

Budding, Regeneration, Parthenogenesis

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4
Q

what is budding?

A

Portion of parent pinches off to form complete new individual

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5
Q

what is regeneration?

A

Complete organism formed from a fragment of parent’s body

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6
Q

what is Parthenogenesis?

A

-Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
-Some animals can reproduce sexually or parthenogentically

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7
Q

where are gametes formed ?

A

in Gonads

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8
Q

What results in spermatogonia and oogonia?(2n)

A

When germ cells multiple by mitosis
these are gametes.

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9
Q

What happens to Spermatogonia ?

A

multiple again by mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes

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10
Q

What happens after production primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes?

A

they undergo meiosis I and II to form haploid gametes

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11
Q

what is Spermatogenesis ?

A

the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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12
Q

what occurs during Spermatogenesis?

A

-Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
-Undergo meiosis II to produce 4 haploid spermatids
-Eventually develop into sperm
-One cell becomes four gametes
Sperm has head (with acrosome), midpiece, and tail

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13
Q

what is oogenesis ?

A

in the human female reproductive system, growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum.

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14
Q

what is male genitalia ?

A

consists of penis and scrotum

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15
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

holds testes where sperm develop at a temperature 2 celsius lower than core body temperature

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16
Q

what is the site of spermatogenesis ?

A

composed of seminiferous tubules.

17
Q

what are testes composed of ?

A

seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis) and Leydig cells (endocrine cells that secrete testosterone)

18
Q

What is female genitalia?

A

Labia majora – same tissue as scrotum
Labia minora – same tissue as urethral primordial tissue
Clitoris – same erectile tissue as penis
External opening leads to vagina, cervix, and into uterus
Uterus has inner glandular lining (endometrium) and outer muscular layer (myometrium)

19
Q

Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals

A

Called gestation.
-pregnancy begins when the embryo is established in the uterine lining

20
Q

what are mammalian pregnancy types ?

A

Monotremes- lay eggs
Marsupials- young must complete development in the pouch, where nourishment is provided
-Eutherian mammals-retain their young for a prolonged period and nourish young via placenta

21
Q

why are 5 to 10% of US adults infertile?

A

-due to sexually transmitted diseases
-malnutrition
-stress
-developmental disorders

22
Q

Contraception

A

-blocks fertilization or implantation of egg
-vasectomy and tubal ligation prevent the transport

23
Q

what is the proper order of of events in embryonic development?

A

fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis

24
Q

what is the stage of development that involves cell division without cell growth ?

A

cleavage

25
Q

what event of fertilization occurs first?

A

the acrosomal reaction

26
Q

what event is crucial for preventing additional sperm from inserting chromosomes into the egg?

A

the cortical reaction and fast block to polyspermy

27
Q

what is the sequence of events of fertilization?

A

acrosomal reaction, binding of sperm to egg membrane, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy.

28
Q

what is true of cell cleavage?

A

it involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth and forms a blastula.

29
Q

outcome of cleavage..

A

production of blastula

30
Q

fertilization of human eggs takes place

A

in the oviduct

31
Q

when is the central nervous system formed?

A

neurulation

Bio 3000 final (6 decks)

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