Lab : The Axial Skeleton Flashcards
Where is the occipital bone located? What does it allow for?
at the very caudal end of the skull; articulation with the first cervical vertebra
What bone directly articulates with the atlas?
the occipital condyles
What is the space between the occipital bones? Whats it for?
the foramen magnum; allows for connection between the brain and the spinal cord
What bone structure is along the midline dorsal aspect of the skull?
The sagittal crest, made up of the occipital and parietal bones
what muscle attaches to the sagittal crest?
masticatory muscle
where are the parietal bones located?
at the dorso-caudal aspect of the skull, rostral to the occipital bones
what does the parietal bones provide attachment for?
the temporalis muscle within the temporal fossa
What do the temporal bones do?
provide protection for the ear and vestibular system
where are the temporal bones located?
lateral to the parietal bones; make up the caudal aspect of the zygomatic arch
what is the the part of the zygomatic arch connecting to the temporal bones called?
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
What does the temporal bone articulate with?
the mandible
what joint does the temporal bone and mandible form?
the temporomandibular joint
what is the tympanic bulla?
the bubble-like structure at the ventral aspect of the temporal bone. Associated with the ear.
What foramen is associated with the tympanic bulla, lateral to the temporal bone?
the external acoustic meatus
What bones are located at the most dorsal aspect of the skull?
the frontal bones
what structure is contained in the frontal bones?
the frontal sinuses
where is the zygomatic bone located?
lateral to the frontal bones
what part of the zygomatic bone extends caudally?
the frontal process of the zygomatic arch
what bone structure does the frontal process of the zygomatic arch, and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone create?
the zygomatic arch
What animals do not have a complete orbit?
the dog and cat
what is the orbit?
where the eye goes
what attaches to the external acoustic meatus
the external ear canal leading out to the pinna
In equines, what bone structure does the zygomatic bone and maxillary bone form?
the facial crest; this is where the masseter muscle attaches
Where is the sphenoid complex located?
ventral to the frontal bones (inside the skull)
Where is the lacrimal bone located?
in the ventro-medial aspect of the orbit (corner of the eye)
What does the lacrimal bone allow for?
the connection between the orbit and the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct (tear duct)
What are the two symmetrical foramina rostral to the sphenoid complex called?
the choanae (caudal nares)
What structure is ventral to the choanae?
the palatine bone
what does the palatine bone make up?
the hard palate
dorsal to the palatine bone is what structure?
the ethmoid bone
what does the ethmoid bone contain?
the cribriform plate; a wall to separate the nasal cavity from the cranial vault
what bone structure is rostral to the palatine bone?
the maxilla
what teeth does the maxilla house?
the molars and pre-molars in the dog and cat
what does the maxilla not support in ox?
the incisors, they have dental pads instead
in ruminants, what facial structure is found laterally on the maxilla?
the facial tuberosity; face nipple
in horses, dogs, and cats, what bone is rostral to the maxilla?
the incisive bone which supports the incisors
The lower jaw bone is the
mandible
the rostral part of the mandible is the
body of the mandible; supports the lower dental arcade
the caudal part of the mandible is the
ramus
the most caudal part of the ramus is the
condylar process
what does the condylar process form?
the ventral aspect of the temporomandibular joint
where is the coronoid process? what does it do?
located at the most dorsal end of the ramus; allows for the attachment of mastication muscles
What are the 2-3 small foramina located at the rostral end of the mandible body?
the mental foramina
what does the mental foramina do?
allow passageway of the mental nerve through the mandible
what immovable joint is located along the midline of the mandible?
the mandibular symphysis
What is the order of vertebrae?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
what is another name for C1? how is it identified?
the atlas; doesn’t have a spinous process and has large flat transverse processes which make it look like a butterfly
where does the atlas vertebrae articulate?
with the occipital condyles
what is another name for C2? How can it be identified?
the axis; it has an extremely large spinous process, similar to a shark or dolphin fin
How does the body of each vertebrae articulate with each other?
a unique joint containing intervertebral discs
How does the spinal cord travel through the vertebrae?
via their vertebral foramen
What two processes do the vertebrae use to form a synovial joint?
the caudal articular process and the cranial articular process
How can the thoracic vertebrae be identified?
by their larger spinous processes
What structure do all thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
the ribs
what is the cartilaginous structure of the ribs called?
costal cartilage
what is the sternum made up of?
each of the rib’s sternebra which joins together in the middle
What structure of the ribs is found in dogs?
floating ribs are found at the most caudal end and do not connect to cartilage or sternabra
how are lumbar vertebrae easily identified?
by their larger transverse processes
what does the sacral vertebrae form?
the attachment between the caudal axial and appendicular skeletons
what does the sacral vertebrae articulate with?
the pelvis; the sacral vertebrae are fused
what is the xyphoid process?
the most caudal aspect of the sternum; the penis of the sternum
what is the nuchal ligament?
found in horses, it is the part you pet, running down the neck of the horse
