Chapter 1 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is anatomy?
the form and structure of the body and its parts
What is physiology?
the function of the body and its parts
What are the two types of anatomy?
Gross anatomy and Microscopic anatomy
What is gross anatomy?
study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
What is another name for gross anatomy?
macroscopic anatomy
What is microscopic anatomy?
the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
How can anatomy be organized?
by regional or systemic categories
What is regional anatomy?
the study of the structures in particular regions of the body
ex: entire anatomy of the neck (bones, cells, tissues)
What is systemic anatomy?
the study of body systems
ex: cardiovascular system, skeletal system
sagittal plane
divides the body into uneven left and right halves
median plane
divides the body into equal right and left halves
Transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into cranial and caudal
dorsal plane
divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts
left
the animal’s left
right
the animal’s right
cranial
towards the head (cranium)
caudal
towards the tail (caudal)
rostral
towards the nose
dorsal
towards the back (dorsum)
ventral
towards the stomach (ventrum)
medial
towards the midline
lateral
away from the midline
deep
internal
superficial
external
proximal
used on extremities; towards the body
distal
used on extremities; away from the body
palmar
used on front paws; bottom of the foot
plantar
used on back/hind paws; top of the foot
barrel
trunk of the body; formed by the rib cage and the abdomen
brisket
base of the neck between the front legs
cannon
metatarsal bone
fetlock
joint between cannon and pastern
flank
area between the last rib and hind legs
hock
tarsus (ankle)
knee
carpus (wrist)
muzzle
rostral part of the face
poll
top of the head between the base of the ears
stifle
the knee
tailhead
base of the tail where it connects to the body
withers
area dorsal to the shoulders
what is bilateral symmetry?
right and left halves that mirror each other
what are paired organs?
approximate mirror images of each other
where are single organs typically located?
along the midline
if an organ is farther away from the midline it…
is typically a paired organ
if an organ is closer to the midline it is….
likely a singular organ
what does the dorsal cavity contain?
central nervous system (CNS); cranial cavity and spinal cavity
what is in the cranial cavity?
the brain; formed by the bones of the skull
what is in the spinal cavity?
the spinal cord; formed by the vertebrae of the spine
what does the ventral cavity contain?
most of the body’s organs; thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
what is the thoracic cavity?
heart, lungs, esophagus, major blood vessels
what is in the abdominal cavity
digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
what are the organs in the thorax covered by?
a thin membrane known as the pleura
what does the visceral pleura cover?
the organs in the thoracic cavity
what does the parietal pleura cover?
the entire cavity
what is the small space between the visceral and parietal pleura contain?
a small amount of fluid for lubrication
what is pleural effusion?
an accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space which presses on organs causing issues
what are the organs in the abdominal cavity covered by?
a thin membrane known as peritoneum
what are the levels of organization?
cells, tissues, organs, systems
what are cells?
basic unit of life
what are tissues?
groups of cells that are in similar structure and functions
what are organs?
two or more kinds of tissue together performing special body functions
what are systems
a group of organs working together to perform a complex body function
what is health?
the state of normal anatomy and physiology
what is homeostasis?
maintaining a stable internal environment
what are examples of homeostasis
body temperature, acid-base balance, fluid balance, hormone levels, nutrient levels, oxygen levels
what does homeostasis require?
energy and the body
