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VMT 216 - Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

what are epithelial tissues?

A

typically tissues lining the body

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3
Q

what are the functions of epithelial cells?

A

protection, coverage, lining; filters bad, absorbs good, manufactures secretions and excretions

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4
Q

what are characteristics of epithelial cells?

A

they need to be arranged in a certain way, connect to each other closely, avascular, and some are innervated

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5
Q

how do epithelial face when on an apical surface?

A

faces the lumen, body cavity, or extremity

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6
Q

how do epithelial face when on a basal surface?

A

faces basement membrane

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7
Q

how do epithelial cells receive nutrients considering they are avascular?

A

they receive nutrients through neighboring connective tissue

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8
Q

what are tight epithelial junctions?

A

plasma membranes attach directly with one another using a protein

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9
Q

what are epithelial desmosomes?

A

connection plaques extend into the cytoplasm of each cell via tonofilaments

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10
Q

what are epithelial gap junctions?

A

connexons: channels by which cells share cytoplasm; allows for exchange of ions, nutrients, and electrical signals

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11
Q

What is another name for the basement membrane?

A

the basal lamina

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12
Q

what does the basement membrane do?

A

functions as an epithelial cell foundation; provides a support structure; separates epithelial cells from connective tissues underneath

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13
Q

what is the basement membrane made up of?

A

collagen fibers, produced by epithelial cells

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14
Q

how do epithelial cells receive their nutrients?

A

through diffusion from the connective tissue across the basement membrane into the cells

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15
Q

what specialized surfaces can epithelial tissue have?

A

brush boarder, cilia, keratin

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16
Q

what does the brush boarder do for epithelial tissue

A

increases surface area for absorption

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17
Q

where are brush borders most commonly found?

A

in the intestine

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18
Q

what does cilia do for epithelial tissues?

A

move substances across the surface of the cell

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19
Q

where are cilia most commonly found?

A

on the oviduct or trachea

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20
Q

what does keratin do for epithelial tissues

A

act as another layer of protection, typically waterproof

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21
Q

where is keratin most commonly found?

A

in the skin cells

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22
Q

how is one layer of epithelial cells characterized?

A

as simple

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23
Q

how is more than one layer of epithelial cells characterized?

A

as stratified

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24
Q

what are the different shapes of epithelial cells?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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25
Q

where do simple squamous epithelial cells live in the body?

A

linings of cavities in the body

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26
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium do?

A

allow for easier passage of gas and fluids

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27
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelium do?

A

involved with absorption and secretion; hormone production

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28
Q

Where does simple cuboidal epithelium live?

A

lining the stomach and intestines; ducts

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29
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium do?

A

involved with absorption and secretion

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30
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

lining intestines and ducts

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31
Q

What cells does columnar epithelium contain

A

absorptive cell; has microvilli
goblet cell; looks like wine glass, produces protective layer of mucous

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32
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

several layers of squamous cells

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33
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

areas of high mechanical stress
ex: mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum

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34
Q

Where do cells form in stratified squamous epithelium?

A

at basal surface from cuboidal cells

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35
Q

Why are there two layers of cuboidal cells in stratified epithelium?

A

to provide greater protection to structures underneath the basement membrane

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36
Q

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

in large excretory ducts
ex: mammary glands, salivary glands

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37
Q

What epithelium is found between simple and stratified?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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38
Q

What is different about pseudostratified epithelium?

A

it is a type of simple epithelium, cells appear to be stratified, often ciliated

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39
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelium commonly found?

A

in the respiratory tract

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40
Q

What is transitional epithelium

A

very stretchy, forming a completely leak-proof membrane

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41
Q

where is transitional epithelium typically found?

A

in the urinary bladder

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42
Q

what are glands?

A

made up of cells that manufacture a secretion

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43
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream or lymphatic system

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44
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

glands that secrete substances onto nearby surfaces

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45
Q

What are different methods of secretions?

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

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46
Q

What are different types of secretions?

A

serous, mucous, mixed

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47
Q

What are merocrine secretions?

A

exocytosis of vesicles (making of vesicles)

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48
Q

What are apocrine secretions?

A

when the cell sacrifices its entire apex

49
Q

what are holocrine secretions?

A

when the entire cell is sacrificed; it explodes and dies

50
Q

what is serous secretions made of?

A

enzymes, super watery

51
Q

what is mucous secretions made of?

A

contains glycoproteins, very thick

52
Q

what is mixed secretions made of?

A

a combination of serous and mucous secretions

53
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A

provides the framework of the body, transports substances, provides healing and protection

54
Q

What are the three main characteristics of connective tissue?

A

composed primarily of extracellular matrix, vascularized, most abundant tissue type in the body

55
Q

What are the 3 main components in connective tissue?

A

ground substance, extracellular fibers, cells

56
Q

What is ground substance?

A

the medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the bloodstream

57
Q

what are extracellular fibers?

A

collagenous, reticular, elastic

58
Q

where do fixed cells remain?

A

in connective tissue

59
Q

what does fibroblasts do?

A

manufactures and secretes fibers and ground substance

60
Q

what do adipocytes do?

A

store lipid molecules; acts as cushions for protection

61
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

can be fixed or wandering; enters and exits connective tissue providing access for the immune system

62
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells, engulfs pathogens and produces antibodies

63
Q

what are mast cells?

A

responsible for allergic and inflammatory responses; histamine and heprin

64
Q

what is loose connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix organized into a loose weave; like a 3D net

65
Q

what is areolar connective tissue?

A

the most abundant connective tissue; contains all 3 fibers, ground substance of hyaluronic acid water mix, and fibroblasts and wandering cells

66
Q

what is adipose connective tissue?

A

commonly known as fat, areolar tissue predominantly made up of adipocytes; highly vascularized

67
Q

what is reticular connective tissue?

A

same as areolar, just contains reticular fibers; forms a stroma

68
Q

what is dense connective tissue?

A

densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers

69
Q

what is dense regular connective tissue?

A

tightly packed parallel collagen fibers; relatively avascular; can withstand force in a single direction

70
Q

what do tendons connect?

A

muscle to bone

71
Q

what do ligaments connect?

A

bone to bone

72
Q

what is dense irregular connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles, interwoven randomly, can withstand force in several directions, found in the dermis

73
Q

what is elastic connective tissue?

A

primarily made of elastic fibers in parallel and interwoven arrangements, stretchy, found in nuchal ligament

74
Q

What is specialized connective tissue?

A

cartilage, bone, blood

75
Q

what is cartilage?

A

tougher than dense connective tissue, more flexible than bone, not innervated

76
Q

where is cartilage found?

A

within joints and certain structures (ear, nose, vocal cords)

77
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

act as a shock absorber, provides protection between bones, provides framework for bones growing in animals

78
Q

what cell is associated with cartilage?

A

chondrocyte

79
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A

collagen fibers, found in articular cartilage and growth plates

80
Q

what is elastic cartilage?

A

elastic fibers, found in ear pinna and epiglottis

81
Q

what is fibrocartilage?

A

merge of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue, found in intervertebral discs, stifle, pelvis symphasis

82
Q

what is bone?

A

the most rigid type of connective tissue, heavily vascularized

83
Q

what is bones’ matrix?

A

calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

84
Q

what cells are associated with the bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

85
Q

what fibers are in bone?

A

collagen fibers

86
Q

what does blood do?

A

carry nutrients and gases throughout the body

87
Q

what cells are found in blood?

A

a variety; erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

88
Q

what is the matrix of blood?

A

plasma

89
Q

when are fibers found in blood?

A

when blood clots

90
Q

what proteins are arranged into microfilaments in muscle tissue?

A

actin and myosin

91
Q

what is special about muscle tissue?

A

cells can make themselves shorter or longer; strong enough to move tissues around them (blood, bone, soft tissue )

92
Q

what is special about muscle tissue?

A

cells can make themselves shorter or longer; strong enough to move tissues around them (blood, bone, soft tissue)

93
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

94
Q

What are characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

it can be consciously controlled (voluntary movement), has a lot of mitochondria and nuclei, is striated

95
Q

what are characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

has small spindle-like cells, nonstriated, involuntary movement

96
Q

what are characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

only exists in the heart, creates a network of branching cells, is striated and involuntary but takes suggestions

97
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

transmits electrical and chemical signals

98
Q

what are neurons?

A

longest cells in the body

99
Q

what makes up a neuron?

A

the axon - nucleus; carries signals away from the body
the perikaryon - cell body
the dendrite - receives impulses; carries signals towards body

100
Q

What are neurological cells?

A

cells that serve as a support cell to neurons

101
Q

what do neurological cells do?

A

isolate the conducting membrane, provide supportive framework, phagocytize waste, supply nutrients

102
Q

what is inflammation ?

A

the body’s quick initial response to injury; a way to limit further damage and eliminate harmful agents,

103
Q

(T/F) all stages of tissue repair occur simotaneously

A

true

104
Q

What are the steps within inflammation?

A
  1. capillary changes
  2. plasma enters
  3. clot formation
  4. phagocytosis
  5. capillaries return to normal
105
Q

what happens during step 1 of inflammation

A

initial vasoconstriction: reduced hemorrhage;
followed by vasodilation: Increase blood flow to the area;
histamine and heparin are released to increase capillary permeability

106
Q

what happens during step 2 of inflammation

A

swelling from fluid entering the area, contains enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins

107
Q

what happens during step 3 of inflammation

A

fibrinogen -> fibrin
fibrin forms a net to collect thrombocytes (platelets)

108
Q

what happens during step 4 of inflammation

A

WBCs move in to clean up bacteria + foreign material; dying WBCs can form pus

109
Q

what happens during step 5 of inflammation

A

histamine and heparin disperse, swelling, redness, and warmth subsides

110
Q

How does tissue repair?

A

slowly, starts with granulation tissue, progresses to regeneration of lost tissue or fibrosis

111
Q

where does granulation tissue form?

A

beneath a blood clot

112
Q

when does the formation of granulation tissue start?

A

as son as injury occurs

113
Q

hat can slow down the formation of granulation tissue?

A

infectious agents or foreign material

114
Q

what results in proud flesh?

A

abnormal growth of excessive granulation tissue

115
Q

What is epithelialization?

A

epithelial cells at the edge of a wound quickly divide

116
Q

overtime, what is granulated tissue replaced with?

A

fibrous scar tissue; not very functional but strong, will shrink overtime

117
Q

what are the different types of wound healing?

A

first intention and second intention

118
Q

what is first intention wound healing?

A

occurs when wound edges are in close contact; no granulation tissue forms; heals in 10-14 days

119
Q

what is second intention wound healing?

A

occurs when wound edges do not meet; granulation and scar tissue form; wound contraction occurs; takes longer to heal

VMT 216 - Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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