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VMT 216 - Anatomy & Physiology > Lab : The Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Lab : The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scapula?

A

the shoulder blade

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2
Q

How is the scapula held in the body?

A

by muscles, it has no direct attachment to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

what is the large ridge along the lateral aspect of the scapula called?

A

the spine of the scapula

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4
Q

What bone is typically only found in cats most cranially?

A

a vestigial clavicle (dogs may/may not have it, completely absent in equine/ox)

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5
Q

Distally from the scapula, what bone is found?

A

the humerus

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6
Q

where does the humerus and the scapula articulate to form the shoulder joint?

A

at the head of the humerus

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7
Q

what is the upper arm region also known as?

A

the brachium

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8
Q

What structure is located medial on the head of the humerus?

A

the intertubercular groove

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9
Q

what is found in the intertubercular groove?

A

the tendon of the biceps brachii

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10
Q

In the dog, what is located at the distal end of the humerus?

A

the supratrochlear notch

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11
Q

what is the lower arm region called?

A

the antebrachium

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12
Q

which two bones are found in the antebrachium?

A

the radius and the unla

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13
Q

which bone is the weight bearing bone of the antebachium?

A

the radius

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14
Q

what structure is located at the proximal end of the radius?

A

the head of the radius

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15
Q

what bones do the head of the radius articulate with?

A

the humerus and the unla

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16
Q

what structure is found distally on the radius?

A

the trochlea

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17
Q

what is found at the trochlea of the radius?

A

tendons of the extensor muscles

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18
Q

What is the proximal point of the ulna?

A

the olecranon

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19
Q

what does the olecranon do?

A

serves as a lever for the triceps muscle to extend the cubital joint

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20
Q

what is the proximal hook-like structure on the ulna?

A

the trochlear notch

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21
Q

what is the proximal point of the trochlear notch?

A

the anconeal process

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22
Q

what is the distal tip of the ulna

A

the styloid process

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23
Q

why can horses and cows not supinate or pronate their antebrachium?

A

because their radius and ulna are fused together

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24
Q

what is the manus?

A

the hand (or front foot)

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25
Q

what bones make up the manus?

A

the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges, and sesamoid bones

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26
Q

What do the bones of the carpus form?

A

a compound joint

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27
Q

how are the carpal bones arranged?

A

into two rows; bones in each row differ in number depending on species

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28
Q

in the proximal row of carpal bones, what two bones are found?

A

the radial and ulnar carpal bones; each associated with either the radius or ulna

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29
Q

How are the distal carpal bones arranged?

A

in coordination with the digit they associate with

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30
Q

how are digits and metacarpals numbered?

A

1-5 starting medial and moving laterally

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31
Q

In cats and dogs, what is their first digit?

A

the dewclaw

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32
Q

where is the dewclaw located?

A

on the medial aspect of the carpus, higher than other digits; it is not weight bearing

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33
Q

What metacarpals is the horse missing?

A

the 1st and 5th digits and metacarpals

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34
Q

where are metacarpals 2 and 4 in the horse?

A

they are vestigial, and typically fuse into the cannon bone forming splint bones

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35
Q

what is the only digit a horse has?

A

the 3rd digit; which is weight bearing

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36
Q

what does the 3rd metacarpal of a horse form?

A

the cannon bone

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37
Q

What metacarpals is the cow missing?

A

1st and 2nd metacarpals

38
Q

What metacarpals fuse together in the cow?

A

the 3rd and 4th to fuse the cannon bone

39
Q

Where is the 5th metacarpal found on the cow?

A

on the proximal aspect of the lateral cannon bone, typically vestigial

40
Q

What is found at the distal end of the metacarpal bones?

A

two small rounded palmar sesamoid bones

41
Q

what is the function of the palmar sesamoid bones?

A

to help joints that need extra leverage in order to flex

42
Q

each digit has how many phalanges?

A

3

43
Q

how are they numbered?

A

the same way metacarpals are, each with a proximal, middle, and distal phalanax

44
Q

what are the weight bearing digits of dogs and cats?

A

digits 2-5

45
Q

what are the weight bearing digits of cows?

A

digits 3 & 4

46
Q

what is the weight bearing digit of horses?

A

digit 3

47
Q

on dogs and cats, each distal phalanx has a bony point called the

A

ungual process which connects directly to each claw

48
Q

on dogs and cats, what is found at the proximal end of the phalanges?

A

2 small sesamoid bones

49
Q

what is the most distal phalanx called in cows and horses?

A

the coffin bone

50
Q

what do cows and horses have on the palmar aspect of their distal limbs?

A

proximal and distal sesamoid bones

51
Q

what are the distal sesamoid limbs called in horses?

A

the navicular bone

52
Q

What do the pelvic limbs have that the thoracic limbs lack?

A

a direct axial skeleton attachment

53
Q

what is the pelvis called?

A

os coxae

54
Q

what does the os coxae articulate with?

A

the sacral vertebrae

55
Q

what is the space between the os coxae and the sacral vertebrae?

A

the pelvic cavity

56
Q

what bones make up the os coxae?

A

the ilium, ischium, and pubis

57
Q

What are the large wing-like projections dorso-lateral on the os coxae

A

the ilium (or wings of the ilium)

58
Q

where does the ilium meet the sacrum of the spine?

A

their medial aspect; the ilium’s articular surface

59
Q

what is the tip of each ilium?

A

the tuber coxae

60
Q

what is the tuber coxae known as in the cow?

A

the hook

61
Q

where is the ischium located?

A

ventro-caudally from the ilium

62
Q

what is the large hole found medially on the ischium?

A

the obturator foramen

63
Q

what is found on the lateral aspect of the ischium?

A

the acetabulum

64
Q

what does the acetabulum do?

A

this is where the pelvis articulates with the femur

65
Q

what is found on the caudal most aspect of the ischium

A

the ischiatic tuberosity

66
Q

what does the ischiatic tuberosity do?

A

provide muscle attachment for the thigh muscles

67
Q

what is the most ventral bone of the os coxae?

A

the pubis

68
Q

where does the pubis meet and what does it form?

A

they meet medially and form the pubis symphysis

69
Q

What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum?

A

the head of the femur

70
Q

what joint does the femur and acetabulum form?

A

a ball and socket joint

71
Q

What is found laterally on the proximal femur?

A

the greater trochanter

72
Q

what does the greater trochanter allow for?

A

the surrounding muscles to rotate the femur

73
Q

Distally on the femoral body is what?

A

the lateral and medial condyles

74
Q

what does the cranial surface of these condyles form?

A

the intercondylar fossa

75
Q

what does the intercondylar fossa allow for?

A

the sliding movement of the patella

76
Q

what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

the patella

77
Q

what does the proximal patella allow for?

A

attachment of the quadriceps muscles

78
Q

What is the trochlear tubercle?

A

the large prominance on the medial aspect of the horse patella

79
Q

what does the trochlear tubercle do?

A

allow the horse to lock its stifle in place while standing; also known as the stay apparatus

80
Q

What bones make up the crus?

A

the tibia and fibula

81
Q

what is the ridge on the proximal cranial aspect of the tibia?

A

the tibial tuberosity

82
Q

what does the tibial tuberosity allow for?

A

the patellar ligament to attach; which is a continuation of the quadriceps muscle

83
Q

Does the fibula bear weight?

A

No

84
Q

what does the fibula allow for?

A

muscle attachments

85
Q

what is the proximal end of the fibula? the distal end?

A

head of the fibula; lateral malleolus

86
Q

What is different about the cows fibula?

A

it is fused with the tibia and is very short

87
Q

what is different about the horses fibula?

A

it is about half the length of the tibia and is fused distally

88
Q

The proximal row of bones in the tarsus is known as the what?

A

the calcaneus (lateral) and talus (medial)

89
Q

what is another name for the tarsus?

A

the hock

90
Q

what is the hind foot known as?

A

the pes

91
Q

what is missing in the pes of dogs and cats?

A

the first digit

VMT 216 - Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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