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PAS 531 > Lab Testing > Flashcards

Lab Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability of test to give positive result when what entity is present

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2
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of test to give negative result if entity tested not present (lack of false positives)

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3
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Ratio of pts truly truly diagnosed as positive test results. Ratio shows how likely it is to get a true positive

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4
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Ratio of pts who do not have disease compared to those that tested negative

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5
Q

What is tested in CBC

A

Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
RBC
RBC indicies (mean corpuscular volume, hgb, hgb concentration)
RBC width
WBC differential
Platelet count

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6
Q

Hemoglobin makeup

A

mostly 2alpha and 2 beta chains
4 globin
4 heme
Iron in heme for O2 transportation

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7
Q

Hematocrit

A

Ratio of red cell volume to whole blood.
Expressed as percentage.
Indirect measure of RBC number and volume.
Found using centrifuge.

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8
Q

Rule of three

A

3 x hgb = hct
hgb/3 = rbc

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9
Q

RBC indicies

A

Mean corpuscular volume
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

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10
Q

Mean corpuscular volume

A

Average volume of a cell.
MCV = hct x 10
Normocitic = 80-100

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11
Q

Anemia with low corpuscular volume cause

A

Iron deficeincy
Lead poisoning
Chronic

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12
Q

Anemia with normal mean corpuscular volume cause

A

Bleeding
Hemolysis
Marrow failure
From renal or liver disease

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13
Q

Anemia with high mean corpuscular volume

A

B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Drugs

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14
Q

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration

A

Measure of avg concentration or percentage of hemoglobin in single rbc
Hgbx100/hct

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15
Q

RBC distribution width (RDW)

A

Shows variation in RBC size
Useful in classifying anemia

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16
Q

Normal WBC count

A

4000-11000

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17
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High WBC

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18
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC

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19
Q

Bacterial infection WBC

A

Increased neutrophils

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20
Q

Viral infection WBC

A

Increased lymphocytes

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21
Q

Allergies/parasites WBC

A

Increased eosinophils

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22
Q

TB WBC

A

Increased monocytes

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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant granulocyte
3 lobed nucleus
Phagocytic
Bacterial infection

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24
Q

Band

A

Immature neutrophil

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25
Lymphocytes
Second most abundant WBC T and B cells Chronic bacterial infections Viral infections
26
Eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus Release cytokines and histamine in allergic response, parasitic infection, and drug interactions NO response in bacterial or virals Phagocytic
27
Basophils (mast cells)
Allergic reaction Phagocytic IgE initiate degranulation
28
Monocyte
Largest WBC Phagocytic Removes debris
29
Left shift
Increase in bands (immature neutrophils) Associated with bacterial process or tissue necrosis.
30
Thrombocytosis
High platelets
31
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelets
32
Reticulocyte
Immature RBC
33
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Rate red cells settle out from plasma Elevated in inflammation
34
C-reactive protein
Acute phase recant protein used to show inflammation
35
Aldosterone
Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na Raises Na Lowers K
36
Natriuretic hormone
Increases renal loss of Na Lowers Na
37
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Makes kidney reabsorb water in kidneys. Raises Na
38
regular Na level
135-145
39
Hypernatremic
High Na
40
Hyponatremic
Low Na
41
Potassium
Important in electrical potential especially in muscle. No reabsorption from kidneys so must be in diet regularly. Minor changes are big deal
42
K normal range
3.5-5
43
Hyperkalemic
High potassium
44
Hypokalemic
Low potassium
45
Chloride
Follows Na to balance charge.
46
Normal Cl
95-105
47
Bicarbonate
Measure of CO2 in blood Venous blood not that accurate
48
Normal bicarbonate
22-30
49
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Measurement of renal function and glomelular filtration rate. Measurement of liver function. Urea formed in liver from metabolism then kidney filters Effected by protein intake and hydration
50
Normal BUN
7-20
51
Creatinine
Directly proportional to kidney function. Nothing to do with liver Skeletal muscle biproduct
52
Normal creatininie
0.6-1.2
53
Normal glucose level
70-100
54
Normal Ca
8.5-10.2
55
Hypercalcemia
High calcium
56
Hypocalcemia
Low calcium
57
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
Albumin Total protein ALP ALT AST Bilirubin
58
Albumin
Help with osmotic pressure (keeps fluid in vessels) Can be measured to check liver function
59
Globulin
Non-albumin proteins.
60
Total protein
Albumin + globulin in serum
61
Alkaline phosphatase
Found in liver, biliary tract, epithelium, bone. In kipffer cellls. Raised when there is damage to liver or bone.
62
Alanine aminotransferase (ALP or SGPT)
In liver. Elevation causes release of hepatocellular enzyme into blood.
63
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Found in liver. Amount of AST elevation shows number of cells affected by injury or disease
64
AST/ALT ratio
greater than one shows alcoholic cirrhosis, liver congestion, lliver tumor. Less than one shows hepatitis or mononucleosis
65
Bilirubin
In bile. Measured to find jaundice
66
Specific gravity
Measure of concentration of urine. Higher means less hydrated
67
What if found in urine indicates UTI
Leukocytes Nitrite
68
Ketone in urine
Inadequate carb intake Starvation Severe exercise Vomitine
69
Bilirubin in urine
Suggests disease affecting bilirubin metabolism after conjugation or defects in excretion
70

PAS 531 (15 decks)

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