lab test 2

Question 1

how to calculate chi squared by hand?

Answer 1

for both traits calculate:
(Observed-Expected)^2/ Expected
add both of those values, that is calculated chi square

Question 2

how to know if your values are reliable? (for chai test)

Answer 2

using the chai squared table
first know the DF (degrees of freedom) and the p you are using (p of 0.05=5%)
if tabulated>calculated there is no difference between observerd and expected

Question 3

what is DF (degrees of freedom used for chi square test) how to find it

Answer 3

its the total amount of categories - 1

Question 4

mendels laws

Answer 4

• > Mendel’s Principle of Segregation: genes are paired but separate when making gametes
• > Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment: the genes separate independently of each other(This principle is not strictly true due to the organization of genes on chromosomes.)

Question 5

incomplete dominance vs codominance

Answer 5

incomplete dominance is when both aleles act together to look like a blend (ex: RR + rr makes pink flowers Rr)

codominance is when two alleles coexist and Both are visible ex: AB blood

Question 6

what is evolution

Answer 6

change in phenotypes

mainly caused by natural selection

Question 7

hardy Weinberg equation

Answer 7

p+q=1 (frequency of one allele in the pop + frequency of the other)
p^2+2pq+q^2=1 (p^2=frequency of homo for p, 2pq = frequency of hetero, q^2=frequency of homo for q)

Question 8

different kinds of natural selection

Answer 8

directional selection: leans to one extreme
stabilizing selection: leans to the middle
disruptive selection: leans to both sides

Question 9

how can speciation happen

Answer 9

ppl from the same species are in different environments and adapt for that to a point where they cant interbreed

Question 10

hardy Weinberg equation for three alleles

Answer 10

p+q+r=1

p^2+q^2+r^2+2pq+2pr+2qr=1

Question 11

evolution causes

Answer 11

natural selection: one that makes + kids phenotype gets more in the pop

gene flow: when things migrate into your society

mutation: change in DNA code

gene drift: bottleneck/founder (+effective in small pop)

non random mating: preferences on who to mate with

Question 12

what type of organisms are in the plantea kingdom

Answer 12

• eukaryotic
• multicellular
• photosynthetic autotrophs

Question 13

tracheophytes (vascular) vs non tracheophytes

Answer 13

tracheas: has little veins to transport food/water they grow higher off the ground (more independent from water)

Question 14

what’s a seed
what’s a gymnosperm
what’s an angiosperm

Answer 14

seed: embryo encased in hard shell
gymnosperm: plant with seed, naked seeds
angiosperm: plant with seed, encased seeds,

Question 15

land plants have

Answer 15

• waxy cuticle
  • gametangia (where the gametes are kept)
  • embryos

Question 16

vascular plants can have

Answer 16

• stomata, pores to allow water/ gas flow
• stems
• roots
• leaves, (+for photosynthesis)
• xylem and phloem, transport water and nutriments to the photosynthetic tissues

Question 17

monohybrid cross, and its ratio

dihybrid cross and its ratio

Answer 17

mono: both parents are hetero for 1 trait 3:1
di: both parents are hetero for 2 traits 9:3:3:1 (9 double hetero, 3+3 hetero for one, 1 homo for both)