evolution

Question 1

natural selection

Answer 1

little variations in an individual can give them more chance of surviving and having lots of kids
acts on phenotype

Question 2

artificial selection

Answer 2

natural selection done by humans on animals for traits we want

Question 3

what does evolution act on

Answer 3

the genotypic variation of the population

Question 4

what is the sum of the alleles in the pop called

Answer 4

gene pool

Question 5

what is a local population that interbreeds

Answer 5

a Mendelian population

Question 6

what is the frequency of both alleles added together

Answer 6

1

frequency of one allele+frequency of other allel= 1

Question 7

how to calculate allele frequency

Answer 7

nbr of copies of the allele in pop/ sum of alleles in pop

homozygous for the thing you want+ heterozygous/total popoulation

Question 8

how to calculate gene frequency

Answer 8

nbr of ppl with that genotype/ total nbr of ppl in population

Question 9

what is a hardy Weinberg equilibrium

what 5 assumptions must be made

Answer 9

a population of sexually reproducing organisms that allele and genotype frequencies dont change from after one generation of 
random mating
no evolution happened
1)random mating
2)large population
3)no migration
4)no mutation
5)natural selection has no effect on the allele

Question 10

what is the hardy Weinberg equation

Answer 10

p+q=1
where p= dominant phenotype and q is recessive phenotype
p^2+2pq^2+q^2=1
where p^2 is AA 2pq^2 is Aa and q^2 is aa

Question 11

go over slide 13 of evolution I dont get it

Answer 11

ok

Question 12

when would allele frequencies stay the same year after yearq

Answer 12

Harvey Weinberg equilibrium

Question 13

what are the evolutionary agents

Answer 13

mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
nonrandom mating
natural selection

its natural for things to not be random meaning there are mutated flowy drifting aliens around

Question 14

What is mutation

is mutation often

Answer 14

its a change in the DNA it doesn’t happen often but it happens enough to be seen in the population

Question 15

what is gene flow

Answer 15

when ppl migrate to another group

the immigrants can add alleles to the gene pool or can change the frequency of alleles present in the population.

Question 16

what is genetic drift
effect on small population
effect on big population
what are the types of genetic drift

Answer 16

random loss of individuals and alleles they have
for a small population: it can effect the allele frequencies
for big population: sometimes the population goes through some periods of population bottleneck
2 types: founder effect, bottleneck effect

Question 17

what is population bottleneck

Answer 17

its when something (tsunami, new predator, heat wave, etc) causes a bunch of the population to not survive and reduces the genetic variation, the next generation will have allele frequencies that reflects the survivors allele frequencies
Genetic drift

Question 18

what is founder effect

Answer 18

its when some ppl leave the group and start a new population (not joining an existing one) the new alleles will reflect those of the ppl who pioneered
genetic drift

Question 19

what is non random mating

Answer 19

when you prefer to mate with one type of person,

if you only mate with ppl of same phenotype then homozygous will be more present

Question 20

what’s the result of natural selection, how does it happen

Answer 20

adaptation

one trait allows you to survive and have more kids meaning your alleles are more present in the population

Question 21

what is the reproductive contribution of a phenotype compared to generations relative to the contributions of other phenotypes called

Answer 21

fitness

Question 22

how does natural section act on quantitative variation things

Answer 22

quantitative variation is when many alleles on different parts of the gene

it does stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection

Question 23

what is stabilizing selection

Answer 23

favours average individuals

its when the extremes of the population dont have kids (ex: weight at birth)

Question 24

what is directional selection

Answer 24

it favours the individuals that are closer to one side of the mean of the population
its when one extreme has more kids (ex: long necked giraffes win more fights so they have more kids so the extreme of long necks is favoured)
genetic variation is reduced

Question 25

what is disruptive selection

Answer 25

it favours to both sides of the mean
its when ppl at both sides of the extreme have more kids
ex: (black and white snails blend in well with the rocks)
the graph looks like an m