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genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what theory did they think before mendels research

A

blending

purple is from red + blue parents

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2
Q

what type of things did Mendel test on

A

things that can be studied for their heritable characters and traits
peas

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3
Q

are you happy

A

very

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4
Q

what is P F1 and F2

A

P= parental generations
first filial generation (kids that came from p)
F2 is when the f1 gen has kids

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5
Q

what’s a monohybrid cross

A

its when you have things interbreed when they have different traits for one character
ex: color, yellow/green

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6
Q

what did Mendel check for in the peas

A

shape and trait (wrinkled or not)

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7
Q

what is the ratio of the dominant gene in F1

A

1:1

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8
Q

what is the ratio of the dominant gene in F2

A

3:1

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9
Q

what is particulate theory

A

genes are discrete particles inside organism

they are pairs but they separate when they are a gamete

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10
Q

what’s an allele

A

different forms of the gene ex(sS)

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11
Q

what is true breeding

A

its parents that will make kids that ll have their phenotype (F1 will have same look as P)

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12
Q

what is true breeding’s individuals alleles

A

SS or ss
homozygous
2 of the same allele

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13
Q

if a thing is heterozygous (Ss) can it be true breeding

A

no

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14
Q

what is phenotype

A

trait that we can see (texture, color, shape,…)

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15
Q

what is genotype

A

the composition of the alleles (SS, sS, ss)

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16
Q

what is the law of segreagation

A

law #1 from mendel

the alleles separate when making gamete

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17
Q

where and what is a gene

A

a small part of the dna thats at a specific locus (spot)

It codes for a specific function

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18
Q

what does a test cross show you

how do u do it

A

the genotype of a thing that has dominant phenotype

you make it have kids with one that has the recessive phenotype (has ss genotype)

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19
Q

what will a test cross show if it is heterozygous

A

1/2 kids will have dominant and 1/2 will have recessive

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20
Q

what does a test cross show if its homozygous dominant

A

all the kids are dominant trait

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21
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

medels 2nd law
alleles of different genes go into the gametes independently of each other
but some genes on that are on the same chromosome are linked so they move together but the chromosomes segregate independently

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22
Q

what’s a dihybrid cross

A

its a hybrid cross but with more than one gene (SsYs or )

the gametes will be SY or Sy… on punnet square

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23
Q

what’s the probability of getting SSYy

A

SS = 1/4
Yy=1//2
1/4*1/2=1/8

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24
Q

what’s a pedigree and why is it used

A

its to study the phenotype segregation along many generations of related ppl
bc we cant do planned crosses

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25
Q

do human pedigrees show good proportions

A

no we dont make enough kids

26
Q

can you have something neither of ur parents have if its an autosomal dominant inheritance being studied

A

no

27
Q

if you have kids and you have an affected gene but your partner doesn’t how many kids will be affected

A

1/2

28
Q

awhat’s an autosomal dominant inheritance

A

A Pedigree analysis of the dominant allele for a given phenotype

29
Q

are guys less likely to have the affected phenotype (ex: freckles, widows peak, dimples)

A

no both sexes have same chance

30
Q

what’s autosomal recessive inheritance

A

its a pedigree analysis of the recessive allele for a phenotype

31
Q

What does it mean when a kid has phenotype that neither parent has and what type of pedigree analysis tells you this

A

it means its a recessive trait and the parents are heterozygous

32
Q

why do different alleles exist

A

genes are subject to mutation

33
Q

what is the wild type

A

its the most common allele in the populatio

34
Q

Whats the mutant allele

A

its the less common allele that is different from the wild type
there can be more than one

35
Q

what is the incomplete dominance mode of inheritance

A

it is when a heterozygous individual’s f2 generation has different phenotype kids and some of them are blends
ex:pink flowers can have F2 genes with red, pink and white kids
or curly, wavy and straight hair

36
Q

what does incomplete dominance mode of inheritance disprove

A

the blending theory

37
Q

what is codominance

A

when 2 different alleles of a gene are in the heterozygote
both of them have have an effect on the same trait
ex: pink flower has r and R it makes it a mix or red and white
ex: AB blood, not AA or AO

38
Q

what’s a pleitropic allele

A

an allele that causes more than one distinguishable phenotypical effect
they are cuased y the same protien made by the same allele.
ex: crossed eyes in siamese cats and their fur

39
Q

what is epistasis

A

its when one allele covers up or modifies the expression of another genes allele
ex: labs have Black and brown but at another locus there E (pigment) and e (no pigment) so if its ee the dog will be yellow no matter the b/B

40
Q

what are complementary genes

A

a form of epistasis

two genes that depend on each other

for example, for a flower to be purple it needs to have a dominant phenotype for 2 genes if not for one it won’t be purple

41
Q

what are the names of the groups of many genes that control complicated characteristics like height and skin color

A

quantitative trait loci
or
polygenic inheritance

42
Q

how do quantitative trait loci/polygenic inheritance work

A

each allele intensifies or diminishes the phenotype.

the variation it makes is continuous/quantitative

43
Q

what are the two factors that allow for variation

A
  • multiple genes with multiple alleles (polygenes)

- environmental influences on the expression of the gene

44
Q

what can make some genotypes have a higher frequency

A

the loci of the gene
if they are absolute/total linkage of locis they won’t be separated when crossing over but this is rareeee for alll of the genes to be close together

45
Q

what happens when genes are far apart on a chromosome, what if theyre close?

A

far: more likely to be separated during crossing over
close: less likely to separate during cross over (prophase)

46
Q

what is recombinant frequency

A

its the progeny that is present after crossing over

it is repeatable proportions (based on loci of the alleles)

47
Q

what’s a recombinant

A

a genotype different from parents thats caused by cross over

48
Q

what are genetic maps

A

they show the arrangement of the genes on the chromosome in mu (map unit)

49
Q

what is a map unit

A

1 mu= 0.01 recombination frequency

also known as centimorgan (cM) = mu

50
Q

how is sex determined for humans and grasshoppers

A 
humans: xx=girl 
xy=guy
grasshopper: XX=girl
X=guy
both are determined by sperm and its 50/50
51
Q

turners syndrome

A

xo (missing an x/y)

it makes a female that is physically abnormal but mentally fine

52
Q

what is Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY

makes a guy that is talll and sterile

53
Q

what is the SRY

A

sex determining region on the Y chromosome it makes the DAX1 (anti testis on X chromosome) not work

54
Q

what happens if youre XY but missing the SRY on the Y chromosome

A

your phenotypical a girl

55
Q

what happens if you are XX but have a small piece of Y (the SRY)

A

you a Guy

56
Q

what’s an x linked recessive

A
  • its a phenotype that appears more for guys
  • if a male with the mutation has kids only his daughters can get it (and if they get it and have one mutant X they are heterozygous carrier’s)
57
Q

what’s x linked dominant phenotype

A
  • never passed from dad to son
  • all girls of accepted dad and normal mom have it but all sons are normal
  • if mom is affected but not dad. 1/2 sons are affected and 1/2 daughter’s
58
Q

y linked phenotypes

A

passed from father to son

59
Q

mitochondrial (maternal) inheritance

A

mitochodria, chloroplast and plastids have a bit of dna

they are passed on by the mother

60
Q

what does a pedigree analysis of mitochodrial phenotypes show

A

an affected mom passes it to all her kids

an affected dad doesn’t pass it

bio 1 (8 decks)

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