Lab Practical Review Flashcards
What is patient placement for a right lateral view of the throax?
Right lateral recumbency, forelimbs extended cranially and hindlimbs extended caudally. Neck is in natural position, foam pad under sternum.
Centering for right lateral thorax view?
Caudal border of scapula
What is the collimation for a right lateral thorax view?
Entire ribcage, ventral border is the xiphoid, cranial border is the thoracic inlet and the dorsal border is the spinous processes of spina column
What is patient placement for a VD view of the abdomen?
Dorsal recumbency with forelimbs extended cranially with nose between forelimbs, hindlimbs extended caudally. May need to use a V trough to superimpose sternum and spine
Centering for VD view of abdomen?
Medial aspect of last rib centered on sternum
What is the collimation for VD view of abdomen?
Cranial border is midline halfway between the caudal border of scapula and xiphoid. Lateral border is the abdominal wall within the v trough
What is patient placement for right lateral view of abdomen?
Right lateral recumbency with forelimbs extended cranially, hindlimbs extended caudally. Align sternum with foam pads if necessary.
Centering for right lateral view of abdomen?
Slightly caudal to last rib
What is the collimation for a right lateral view of abdomen?
Cranial border is halfway between the caudal border of scapula and xiphoid. Dorsal border is the spinous process of vertebral column. Ventral border is the sternum
What is patient placement for a DV view of the thorax?
Sternal recumbency, extend forelimbs slightly cranially with carpus at level of ears, hindlimbs in natural flexed position. Superimpose sternum and spine.
Centering for DV view of thorax?
Caudal border of scapula
What is the collimation for DV view of the thorax?
Cranial border is the thoracic inlet and lateral borders are the body wall
Patient position for right lateral view of the pelvis
Right lateral recumbency, foam wedges placed between hindlimbs to superimpose both sides of pelvis
What is the point of measurement for lateral pelvis?
Highest point of trochanter
What is the position of the limb of interest for lateral pelvis view?
Bottom leg and extended cranially
What is patient position for flexed lateral view of elbow?
Lateral recumbency with affected limb down, and bent dorsally. Place paw under skull and stabilize with sand bag. Place sponges under shoulder to keep elbow from moving medially
What is the collimation for flexed lateral view of elbow?
Include distal third of humerus and proximal third of radius and ulna
What is patient position for lateral view of radius and ulna?
Lateral recumbency with affected limb down and opposite limb extended caudo-dorsally
What is patient position for CrCd view of radius and ulna?
Ventral recumbency with front legs extended forward individually, head extended laterally and to the opposite side of affected limb. May need to be stabilized with sand bags or tape
What is the collimation for radius and ulna views?
Proximal to the elbow joint and distal to the carpal joint
What is the patient position for OFA extended hip projection view?
Dorsal recumbency with pelvis bilaterally symmetrical, forelimbs extended cranially and evenly with nose between forelimbs, hindlimbs extended caudally and evenly into full extension. Tail should be aligned with spine. Spine and sternum should be superimposed.
How should femurs be positioned for OFA extended hip view?
Rotated medially so they are parallel with equal ischial overlap
What is included in an OFA extended hip view?
Patellas and stifle joints, entire pelvis, last 3 lumbar vertebrae
How should patellas be positioned for OFA extended hip view?
Centered in femoral groove and over stifle
What is the centering for OFA extended hip view?
Midline between the left and right ischial tuberosity
What is the collimation for OFA extended hip view?
Cranial border is caudal to the wing of the ilium and distal to the patella
Lateral border is lateral to the ischium
What is the calculation to determine kVp?
Sante’s rule
(2 x thickness in cm) + SID + Grid
What factors influence the technique chart?
kV, mA, time and distance
What is the purpose of the technique chart?
Provides suggested technique on the basis of anatomy and positioning. Factors are directly dependent on accuracy of technical staff.
What are the routine views of a contrast cystogram?
VD and lateral, and/or oblique views
How do you determine how much contrast to infuse into the bladder? (Negative contrast)
Calculated dose is 10 mL/kg of body weight
How do you determine how much contrast to infuse into the bladder? (Double contrast)
1-3 mL tri-idodinated positive contrast
How do you determine how much contrast to infuse into the bladder? (Positive contrast)
Slowly infuse 6-10 mL/kg of positive contrast diluted at 1:3 ratio saline
What are complications of a contrast cystogram?
Air embolism and bladder rupture
How can air embolism be prevented in contrast cystogram?
Can be avoided by palpating the bladder while infusing the air and injecting slowly
How can bladder rupture be prevented in contrast cystogram?
Can be avoided by filling bladder slowly and palpating
What are the routine views for an upper GI series?
R/L lateral and VD/DV views
Take additional views at 15,30,60 and 120 minutes
Extra view at 90 minutes for cats
What are some tips for administering barium sulfate?
Chill barium for upper transit time and room temperature in lower GI
Never administer if tears or ruptures are suspected or in dorsal recumbency. Administer slowly at first
Barium is insoluble and very irritating to what?
Peritoneum, may cause granulomatous reaction
How is barium cleared if inadvertantly entered into trachea?
Mucociliary action and coughing
When can barium sulfate be fatal?
if it reaches small bronchi and alveoli
When is parallel technique used?
Mandibular molars (starting at 3rd premolar)
What does SLOB stand for?
Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal
What teeth does the SLOB rule apply for?
Maxillary Fourth Premolar
Where is the convex dot located?
Rostral on top corner of plate
When viewing maxillary teeth how should cusps point?
Downward
When viewing the mandibular teeth, how should cusps point?
Upward
If the x-ray beam is perpendicular to the tooth and not parallel to the bissecting anglewhat type of artifact occurs such that not all the tooth will be on film?
Elongation
If the x-ray beam is perpendicular to the film and not parallel to the bissecting angle, what type of artifact occurs such that the crown will overlap?
Foreshortening
