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Imaging And Radiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defining characteristic of ultrasounds?

A

Benefit of real-time imaging

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2
Q

A second benefit to ultrasound is the ability to do what?

A

Move the diagnostic probe in any direction

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3
Q

What is not a factor in ultrasound?

A

Use of ionizing radiation

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4
Q

The probe on an ultrasound is also known as the _____

A

Transducer

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5
Q

Speed of sound varies with _____ of tissues

A

density

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6
Q

What ultrasonic mode is associated with brightness?

A

B-Mode

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7
Q

If pixels are bright they are ________

A

Hyperechoic

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8
Q

If pixels are dark they are ______

A

Hypoechoic

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9
Q

What ultrasonic mode is associated with motion?

A

M-Mode

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10
Q

__-mode creates __-mode

A

M-mode creates B-mode

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11
Q

Shows the image of the flow of blood and other liquids

A

Doppler

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12
Q

In color flow Doppler imaging, the information collected is presented as a color overlay on top of a __-___ image

A

B-image

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13
Q

In the color flow Doppler, blue moves ____ the probe and red moves ____ the probe

A

Blue moves away from the probe, and red moves toward the probe

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14
Q

Change shape with eletrical current

A

Piezoelectric ceramics

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15
Q

_______ in ceramics emit a mechanical vibration at a preset frequency

A

Crystals

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16
Q

Sound frequency emitted is usually set anywhere between __ and ____ megahertz (MHz)

A

2 and 18

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17
Q

What is the sound frequency set for opthalmic studies?

A

Up to 50 MHz

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18
Q

Sound waves do not travel through ___

A

Air

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19
Q

What is digitized to create a diagnostic image?

A

Electrical current

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20
Q

There is an inverse relationship between increasing the ______ output and the maximum ____ it can scan

A

frequency, depth

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21
Q

The higher the frequency the ______ it will penetrate

A

less

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22
Q

The higher the frequency the ____ the lateral spatial resolution

A

higher

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23
Q

Where is lateral spatial resolution best?

A

Near probe

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24
Q

Transducer with flate contact surface and fine detail imaging

A

Linear transducer

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25
Q

Transducer used for general scanning, aka sector prober or curvilinear

A

Convex Transducer

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26
Q

Transducer similar to convex but smaller, used for small patients and intercostal studies

A

Microconvex transducer

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27
Q

Transducer that creates 3D images

A

Matrix transducer

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28
Q

Transducer containing piezoelectric elements that are stimulated in complex timing sequences, steered through firing time delays. Most used for cardiac studies.

A

Phased Array Sector Transducer

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29
Q

What are ultrasounds used for in bovine/ruminants?

A

Reproductive and biopsies

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30
Q

What are ultra sounds used for in equine?

A

Tendon and ligament injuries and fertility

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31
Q

What are ultrasounds used for in porcine?

A

Back fat levels

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32
Q

Artifacts that are created by air pockets, metallic objets, foreign body

A

Comet tails

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33
Q

Artifact caused by redirection of sound, associated with curved fluid-filled structures such as the gall bladder, urinary bladder, cysts and sometimes kidneys

A

Edge shadowing

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34
Q

This artifact occurs when the sound beam travels through weakly attenuating structures such as as bladder with fluid

A

Acoustic enhancement

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35
Q

In acoustic enhancement artifacts, the reflection appears brighter at the ___ side of the structure

A

Far side

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36
Q

Artifact that occurs when sound beam reflects back from the surface between two structures and the machine misinterprets it and places a mirror image on one of the structures

A

Mirror image

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37
Q

Artifact resembling the northern lights, caused by repeated reflection of echoes trapped between two strong reflectors (ie. gas filled loop of bowel)

A

Reverberation

38
Q

Artifact that occurs when sound beam hits a dense object (such as a bladder stone), sound beams are reflected away and are absorbed creating dark streak or shadow

A

Acoustic shadowing

39
Q

Use the magnetic field and radio frequencies to determine the chemical makeup of a substance

A

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

40
Q

Shows concentration of free-floating hydrogen molecules in tissue, much better contrast than CT

A

MRI

41
Q

MRI’s are superior in demonstrating what structures?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and soft tissue structures (ligaments and cartilage)

42
Q

MRI’s _____ (do or don’t) use ionzing radiation

A

Do not

43
Q

Molecules in an MRI align based on their _____ and become magnitized

A

polarity

44
Q

MRI’s are tuned to the frequency of what?

A

Hydrogen atoms in molecules

45
Q

Magnet with two slabs facing each other, with lower field strengths

A

Permanent magnet

46
Q

Low field magnets with electrical charge through copper wiring wrapped around a center

A

Electromagnets (resistive magnets)

47
Q

Most common magnet, superconductive in very low temperatures. Massive electromagnet.

A

Superconducting magnets

48
Q

Nuclear medicine is divided into what two groups?

A

Therapeutic and diagnostic

49
Q

Administration of radioactive iodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors

A

Veterinary therapeutic nuclear medicine

50
Q

Administration of radionucleotides to the patient and detection of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the patient via a gamma scintillating camera

A

Diagnostic nuclear medicine

51
Q

In nuclear medicine _____ is attracted to bone

A

Technetium Tc 99m

52
Q

In nuclear medicine ______ is attracted to the thyroid gland

A

Iodine I 131

53
Q

What isotopes in nuclear medicine are used in horses?

A

Technetium Tc 99m

54
Q

Half life of technetium 99m and protocol

A

6 hour half life, 24-48 hours protocol

55
Q

Nuclear medicine waste products need to be kept in lead line container for __-___ hours

A

24-48

56
Q

Minimum views required for pelvis and pelvic limbs

A

Two views

57
Q

When radiographing pelvis/pelvic limbs, high ____ is preferred

A

contrast

58
Q

When radiographing pelvis/pelvic limbs ____ __ technique is preferred

A

Table Top

59
Q

What routine views are used for pelvis?

A

Lateral, Ventrodorsal hip extended

60
Q

What routine views are used for the femur?

A

Lateral, craniocaudal

61
Q

What routine views are used for the stifle?

A

Lateral, caudocranial

62
Q

What routine views are used for the tibia/fibula?

A

Lateral, caudocranial

63
Q

What routine views are used for the foot (tarsus/metatarsus/digits)?

A

Lateral, plantardorsal

64
Q

The main required view for pelvis radiograph (OFA)

A

VD hip extended for coxofemoral joint

65
Q

What pelvis radiograph is needed to determine the laxity in coxofemoral joints

A

PennHIP

66
Q

At what age can OFA’s be submitted?

A

2 years or older

67
Q

How are OFA’s rated?

A

Excellent, good, fair, or poor

68
Q

What must be included in an OFA view?

A

Pelvis bilaterally symmetrical

Patellas and stifle joints included

Last three lumbar vertebrae

Femurs parallel with equal ischial overlap

Patellas centered in femoral groove

69
Q

What three views must be included for PennHIP?

A

Extended VD

Compression

Distraction

70
Q

What do compression views measure?

A

the extent to which the femoral head fits within the acetabulum

71
Q

What do distraction views measure?

A

the amount of passive laxity inherent in the joint

72
Q

At what age can PennHIPs be taken?

A

16 weeks

73
Q

What reasons do we send in PennHIP for?

A

Joint laxity

CHD (Canine hip displaysia) and oestoarthritis

DJD (Degenerative joint disease)

74
Q

How many views are required for small animal forelimbs?

A

2

75
Q

What limbs are routinely radiographed lateral and caudocranial?

A

Shoulder, scapula, humerus

76
Q

What limbs are routinely radiographed lateral, and craniocaudal?

A

Elbow, radius, ulna

77
Q

What two routine views are done for the foot?

A

lateral and dorsopalmar

78
Q

What is measured for the lateral and craniocaudal scapula view?

A

cranial scapula border

79
Q

Where is the central ray positioned for the shoulder joint?

A

Scapulohumeral articulation

80
Q

What are the borders for the shoulder joint?

A

Proximal third of humerus and scapula

81
Q

What are the borders for the scapula?

A

Shoulder joint and caudal border of the scapula

82
Q

For the pelvis measurement, the caliper should be placed _______

A

Laterally

83
Q

The caliper measurement is used to determine _____ for both lateral and VD pelvis radiograph

A

kVp

84
Q

Where is the primary beam centered for a pelvis radiograph?

A

Centered over hip joints

85
Q

For a pelvis lateral view, the lower leg should be pulled slightly _______

A

cranial

86
Q

For a pelvis lateral view include entire ______, portion of the _____ _____ and most of the _____

A

Pelvis, lumbar spine, femur

87
Q

What view should be used when pelvic trauma is suspected?

A

Frog leg view

88
Q

In frog leg view, femur should be flexed at _____ degrees

A

45 degree angle

89
Q

What pelvic view puts minimal stress on pelvis?

A

Frog leg view

90
Q

Where should the beam be centered for a VD view of the pelvis?

A

Over level of pubis and acetabulum

91
Q

Where should the measurement be taken for a VD view of the pelvis?

A

Over the acetabulum

Imaging And Radiology (11 decks)

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