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Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are key characteristics of Phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Four morphological features: shell (reduced/absent in some groups), mantle, visceral mass, and foot (can be highly modified)
  2. Bilaterally symmetrical with a reduced true coelom
  3. Most have a radula (a protrusible, rasp-like feeding organ)
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2
Q

What’s the circulatory system like for the classes in phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Classes Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, and Bivalvia have an open circulatory system
  2. Class Cephalopoda have a closed circulatory system
  3. All have a chambered heart
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3
Q

What’s the respiratory system like for Phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Gas exchange through the mantle or through gills, lungs, and/skin
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4
Q

Which classes in phylum Mollusca breath through gills?

A
  1. Polyplacophora
  2. Bivalvia
  3. Cephalopoda
    **Gastropoda breathes through gills, lungs, and skin
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5
Q

What’s the digestive system like for Phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Complete digestive system
  2. Both mouth and anus present
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6
Q

Explain the excretory system for Phylum Mollusca

A

Their excretory system is the kidneys and typically have two of them

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7
Q

What’s the reproduction system for phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Sexual reproduction only
  2. May be monoecious OR dioecious
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8
Q

List some characteristics of Class Polyplacophora

A
  1. Marine herbivores
  2. Broad foot
  3. Shell consists of 7-8 articulating plates
  4. Chitons (kinda look like rolly polly)
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9
Q

List some characteristics of Class Gastropoda

A
  1. Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species
  2. Foot well-developed
  3. Shell is univalve (when present)
  4. Mostly herbivorous; some are carnivorous
  5. Largest/most diverse class in this phylum
  6. Snails, slugs, limpets, nudibranchs)
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10
Q

List some characteristics of Class Bivalvia

A
  1. Marine and freshwater
  2. Body compressed between two hinged shells (bivalve)
  3. Sedentary, filter feeders
  4. Mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, and shipworms
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11
Q

What is the structural support of Class Bivalvia?

A

Primary structural support is provided by two separate hard shells, hinged together with ligaments

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12
Q

How does class Bivalvia move?

A

Bivalves move by extending foot outward between shells

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13
Q

What is the function of the shells in class Bivalvia

A

protection

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14
Q

What is the function of the mantle in class Bivalvia?

A
  1. Secretes the shell
  2. Creates and houses gills
  3. Gas exchange
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15
Q

Function of the foot in Bivalvia

A

Locomotion

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16
Q

Function of gills in Bivalvia

A
  1. Respiration and filter feeding
    –for freshwater species, egg brooding is also done in the gills
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17
Q

Function of labial palps in Bivalvia

A

Collect food particles from the gills and sweep them toward the mouth for ingestion

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18
Q

Function of the adductor muscles in Bivalvia

A

Hold the shells closed

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19
Q

Function of the incurrent and excurrent siphon in Bivalvia

A
  1. Incurrent : bring water into body
  2. Excurrent : bring water out of the body
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20
Q

List some characteristics of Class Cephalopoda

A
  1. Marine predators
  2. Foot modified into tentacles and arms
  3. Well-developed eyes
  4. Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
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21
Q

Function of funnel (siphon) in Cephalopoda

A

Forcefully expels water to generate movement

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22
Q

Function of mantle in Cephalopoda

A
  1. Collect water inside the squid’s body that can be forced through the funnel for rapid locomotion
  2. Protect internal organs
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23
Q

Function of fins in cephalopoda

A

Stabilize the body while swimming slowly

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24
Q

Function of the arms in cephalopoda

A

Manipulate prey and act as a rudder while swimming

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25
Q

Function of tentacles in cephalopoda

A

Grab prey and pull it towards arms

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26
Q

Function of ink sac in cephalopoda

A

Secretes dark fluid through the rectum for protection

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27
Q

Are cephalopod shells external? If not, what are they?

A

Most shells are no longer external
–internal support pen (octopus/squid)
–cuttlebone (cuttlefish)
–Nautilus are the only ones to have a shell

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28
Q

List key characteristics of Phylum Annelida

A
  1. Metamerism (segmentation)
  2. True coelom
  3. Closed circulatory system
  4. Complete digestive tract
  5. Body wall has both circular and longitudinal muscles for greater control of movement
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29
Q

How does the circulatory system for phylum Annelida work?

A

Is closed –> exhibits complete blood vessels and blood pumping aortic arches (similar to heart)

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30
Q

What is the respiratory system like for phylum Annelida?

A

Gas exchange via skin, gills, or parapodia

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31
Q

What is the digestive system like for phylum Annelida?

A

Complete digestive system with a mouth, intestine, and anus

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32
Q

What is the excretory system like for phylum Annelida?

A

Metabolic waste is excreted via specialized structures called nephridia

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33
Q

What is the reproductive system like for Phylum Annelida?

A

May be either monoecious or dioecious and may reproduce either sexually or asexually

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34
Q

List characteristics of Class Errantia

A
  1. Most are marine
  2. Have parapodia adapted to function in different environments
  3. Well-developed head with sensory structures
  4. Sandworms, bloodworms, sea mice
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35
Q

What is the structural support of the body like in class Errantia?

A

Septa are found at each point where the body segments meet
–> each segment of the body has fluid-filled coelom which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton

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36
Q

What is the function of parapodia in class Errantia?

A

Movement and respiration

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37
Q

What is the function of Setae in class errantia?

A

Anchor segments during movement to prevent sliding backwards

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38
Q

List characteristics of Class Ssedentaria, Order Clitellata

A
  1. Fewer, smaller setae along body (leeches lack setae completely)
  2. Lack parapodia
  3. Have a reproductive structure called a clitellum (not permanent in leeches)
  4. Earthworms, leeches
  5. Monoecious
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39
Q

What is the structural support of the body like in Order Clitellata?

A
  1. Earthworms: septa found at each point where body segments meet (fluid filled hydrostatic skeleton)
  2. Leeches: lack septa –> hydrostatic skeleton is replaced by having its coelom filled with muscle and connective tissue
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40
Q

What is locomotion like for Order Clitellata?

A
  1. Earthworms: move via circular/longitudinal muscles. Also use setae
  2. Leeches: use muscles to move/swim. Anterior/posterior suckers may be used in crawling motion
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41
Q

What is the diet like for Order Clitellata?

A
  1. Earthworms: primarily eat decayed organic matter/vegetation
  2. Leeches: carnivorous or parasitic
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42
Q

What is the function of the clitellum in class sedentaria?

A

Reproduction

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43
Q

What is the function of the pharynx in sedentaria?

A

Bring food in for digestion

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44
Q

What is the function of the crop in sedentaria?

A

Store food prior to grinding and digestion

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45
Q

What is the function of the gizzard for sedentaria?

A

Grind food for digestion

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46
Q

What is the function of the nephridia in sedentaria?

A

Excrete metabolic waste from the blood and coelom

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47
Q

What is the function of the Typhlosole in sedentaria?

A

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption

48
Q

What is the function of the setae in sedentaria?

A

Anchor the body during movement

49
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior sucker in sedentaria?

A

Attach to host; used in feeding
**both suckers are used in “looping” (inchworm) locomotion

50
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands in sedentaria?:

A

Produce an anticoagulant in bloodsucking species

51
Q

Key characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

A
  1. Segmented bodies with jointed appendages
  2. Exoskeleton is shed periodically (ecdysis)
  3. Have a true coelom that is reduced
  4. Open circulatory system
  5. Complete digestive tract
52
Q

How the circulatory system works in Phylum Arthropoda

A

open circulatory; blood is not contained within blood vessels but is instead pumped into the body cavity

53
Q

What respiration system is like in phylum arthropoda

A

respiration may occur via the body surface, with gills, through a trachea, or with book lungs

54
Q

What the excretory system is like in phylum Arthropoda

A

Some have paired excretory glands; others have excretory organs (Malpighian tubules)

55
Q

Reproductive system of Arthropoda

A

Usually dioecious with internal fertilization

56
Q

What is a cephalothorax?

A

Refers to a fused head and thorax (one single segment)

57
Q

What is a pygidium in Arthropoda

A

In trilobites, the pygidium is the most posterior segment (tagma)

58
Q

Key characteristics of subphylum Trilobita

A
  1. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods known only from fossils
  2. Lived during the Paleozoic era (570-250 million years ago)
    **Be able to identify the 3 tagmata on trilobite figures: head, thorax, and pygidium
59
Q

Characteristics of subphylum Chelicerata, Class Merostomata

A
  1. Two body tagmata (first of which has six pairs of appendages)
    –cephalothorax and abdomen
  2. Horseshoe crab
60
Q

What is the function of the chelicerae in Merostomata?

A

Pick up food and put it in its mouth

61
Q

Function of the pedipalps in Merostomata

A

Locomotion; mails use them to grasp females during mating

62
Q

Function of gill opercula in Merostomata

A

Beating of the opercula allows them to swim slowly; protect and aerate the delicate ebook gills underneath

63
Q

Function of the telson in Merostomata

A

Steering while swimming; can help an upside down animal flip itself back over

64
Q

Key characteristics of subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida

A

1.Two body tagmata (First of which has six pairs of appendages)
**Cephalothorax, abdomen
2. Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

65
Q

Function of chelicerae in Arachnida

A

Feeding (all arachnids); defense (spiders only)

66
Q

Function of pedipalps in Arachnida

A

Provide sensory info, manipulate objects, capture prey, mating (all arachnids); defense (scorpion only)

67
Q

Characteristics of subphylum Myriapoda

A

Two classes:
1. Chilopoda (Centipede)
**one pair of legs/segment
**unfused segments
2. Diplopoda (millipedes)
**two pairs of legs/segment
**fused segments
–Two tagmata (head and trunk)

68
Q

Key characteristics of subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca

A
  1. Two body tagmata
    **Abdomen and cephalothorax
  2. Two pairs of antennae
  3. All crustaceans have at least a few biramous (branched) appendages
  4. Crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, crabs
  5. Structural support is provided by sturdy exoskeletons
69
Q

Structure of antennae in Malacostraca

A

Chemosensory and tactile (touch) reception

70
Q

Function of maxillipeds in Malacostraca

A

Handling food

71
Q

Function of mandibles in Malacostraca

A

Chew/grind food before it enters mouth

72
Q

Function of chelipeds in malacostraca

73
Q

Function of swimmerets in malacostraca

A

Locomotion

74
Q

Function of uropods for malacostraca

A

Allow for swift backward movement; protect offspring

75
Q

Function of gills in malacostraca

A

Respiration

76
Q

Function of gastric mill in malacostraca

A

Grind food down into smaller particles

77
Q

Function of antennal glands (green glands) in malacostraca

A

Excrete metabolic waste

78
Q

Key characteristics of subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta

A
  1. Three body tagmata and one pair of antennae
    **head, thorax, abdomen
  2. All appendages are uniramous (not branched)
  3. 6 legs; two pairs of wings
79
Q

Function of antennae in hexapoda

A

Chemosensory and tactile reception

80
Q

Function of spiracles in hexapoda

A

Respiration

81
Q

Function of ovipositor in hexapoda

A

Dig into the soil and deposit eggs into burrows

82
Q

Function of crop in hexapoda

A

Store food prior to digestion

83
Q

Function of malpighian tubules in hexapoda

A

Excrete metabolic waste

84
Q

Key characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata

A
  1. Marine animals (no freshwater or terrestrial representatives)
  2. Echinodermata (hedgehog like skin)
  3. Lack of cephalization
  4. Pentaradial symmetry in adults
  5. Calcareous endoskeleton
  6. Water vascular system
  7. Most are dioecious (fertilization usually external)
  8. Digestive system usually complete
85
Q

What is the excretory system like in Phylum Echinodermata?

A

No excretory organs –> metabolic waste is diffused through tube feet

86
Q

Characteristics of Class Asteroidea

A
  1. Carnivorous predators
  2. Appendages radiate from a central disc that contains the mouth and other digestive water vascular structures
  3. Tube feet with suckers
  4. Madreporite is aboral
  5. Sea stars (starfish)
87
Q

What is the structural support of the body like for class Asteroidea

A

Sea stars have an internal endoskeleton made of calcium based ossicles fused together with connective tissue

88
Q

Function of the tube feet (podia) in Asteroidea

A

Locomotion, prey capture, and respiration

89
Q

Function of the madreporite in asteroidea

A

Filter and bring water into the water vascular system; regulate water pressure within the water vascular system

90
Q

Function of the spines in asteroidea

A

Protection

91
Q

Function of the cardia stomach in asteroidea

A

digestion; consumption of prey

92
Q

Function of the ampullae in asteroidea

A

Each ampulla controls one tube foot by pushing water into or pulling water out of it

93
Q

Function of the gonad in asteroidea

A

Reproduction

94
Q

Function of the pyloric ceca (digestive glands) in asteroidea

A

Extracellular digestion

95
Q

Key characteristics of class Ophiuroidea

A
  1. Five long, slender arms used for locomotion
  2. Arms are distinct from the central disc
  3. Tube feet (feeding) lack suckers and NOT used for locomotion
  4. Madreporite is located on oral surface
  5. Sea starts and basket stars
96
Q

Characteristics of Class Echinoidea

A
  1. Globular/disc shaped with no arms
  2. Compact skeleton called a test
  3. Movable spines and tube feet with suckers
  4. Madreporite is aboral
  5. Sea urchins and sand dollars
97
Q

Function of the tube feet (podia) in Echinoidea

A

Primary means of locomotion

98
Q

Function of aristotle’s lantern in Echinoidea

A

Mastication or chewing of food, along with the attached teeth

99
Q

Function of the spines in Echinoidea

A

Protection; can assist with locomotion

100
Q

Characteristics of Holothuroidea

A
  1. Spines and arms absent
  2. Tube feet with suckers; some modified as oral tentacles
  3. Internal madreporite
  4. Sea cucumbers
101
Q

Characteristics of Class Crinoidea

A
  1. Stalk usually present
  2. Five flexible, branched arms
  3. Mouth and anus on oral surface
  4. NO madreporite
  5. Sea lilies and feather starts
102
Q

Key characteristics of Phylum Chordata

A
  1. Triploblastic coelomates
  2. Possess a notochord for at least a portion of their lifecycle
  3. Five distinguishing characteristics only found in this phylum: notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/pouches, endostyle or thryoid gland, post anal tail
  4. Closed circulatory system
  5. Complete digestive tract
  6. Metabolic waste removed from blood via kidneys
  7. Mostly dioecious and sexual (few produce asexually)
    **internal or external fertilization
103
Q

Key characteristics of subphylum Urochordata

A
  1. Marine
  2. Most are sessile as adults
  3. Free-swimming larvae have all five distinguishing characteristics of chordates
  4. Tunicates, sea squirts
  5. Filter feeders
104
Q

Key characteristics of Subphylum Cephalochordata

A
  1. Marine
  2. Segmented and elongated body
  3. Notochord extends length of body
  4. Lancelets
105
Q

List all the phylums for this practical

A
  1. Mollusca
  2. Annelida
  3. Arthropoda
  4. Echinodermata
  5. Chordata
106
Q

List the classes in Phylum Mollusca

A
  1. Polyplacophora
  2. Gastropoda
  3. Bivalvia (Pelecypoda)
  4. Cephalopoda
107
Q

List the classes and/or orders of Annelida

A
  1. Errantia
  2. Sedentaria (order: Clitellata)
108
Q

List subphylum and class of Arthropoda

A
  1. Subphylum Trilobita
  2. Subphylum Chelicerata
    **Merostomata, Arachnida
  3. Subphylum Myriapoda
    **Chilopoda, Diplopoda
  4. Subphylum Crustacea
    **Malacostraca
  5. Subphylum Hexapoda
    **Insecta
109
Q

List the classes in Echinodermata

A
  1. Asteroidea
  2. Ophiuroidea
  3. Echinoidea
  4. Holothuroidea
  5. Crinoidea
110
Q

List the subphylums in Chordata

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
111
Q

Everything you need to identify in a muscle

A
  1. Adductor muscles
  2. Excurrent siphon
  3. Foot
  4. Gills
  5. Incurrent siphon
  6. Labial palps
  7. Mantle
  8. Shell
  9. Anus
  10. Digestive gland
  11. Gonad
  12. Heart
  13. Intestine
  14. Kidney
  15. Mouth
  16. Stomach
112
Q

Everything you need to identify in a squid

A
  1. Arms
  2. Collar
  3. Eye
  4. Fin
  5. Funnel (siphon)
  6. Mantle
  7. Tentacles
  8. Branchial hearts
  9. Cecum
  10. Gills
  11. Ink sac
  12. Rectum
  13. Retractor muscle
  14. Systemic heart
113
Q

Everything you need to identify in an earthworm

A
  1. Aortic arches (hearts)
  2. Crop
  3. Esophagus
  4. Gizzard
  5. Intestine
  6. Mouth
  7. Pharynx
  8. Prostomium
  9. Seminal vesicles
  10. Septa
  11. Nephridia
  12. Coelom
  13. Parapodium
  14. Setae
  15. Typhlosole
114
Q

Everything you need to identify in a leech

A
  1. Anterior sucker
  2. Posterior sucker
  3. Salivary gland
  4. Intestine
  5. Mouth
  6. Nephridia
  7. Pharynx
115
Q

Everything you need to identify in a horseshoe crab

A
  1. Chelicerae
  2. Compound eyes
  3. Gill opercula
  4. Pedipalps
  5. Telson
  6. Walking legs
  7. Cephalothorax
  8. abdomen
116
Q

Everything you need to identify in a spider

A
  1. Abdomen
  2. Cephalothorax
  3. Chelicerae
  4. Pedicel
  5. Pedipalps
  6. Walking legs
117
Q

Everything you need to identify in a crayfish

A
  1. Abdomen
  2. Antennae (second anntennae)
  3. Antennules (first antennae)
  4. Cephalothorax
  5. Cheliped/chela
  6. Compound eye
  7. Maxillipeds
  8. Rostrum
  9. Swimmerets
  10. Telson
  11. Uropods
  12. Walking legs
  13. Antennal gland (green gland)
  14. Anus
  15. Digestive gland
  16. Heart
  17. Intestine
  18. Mouth
  19. Stomach
  20. Gastric mill

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