Lab Practical 1 Prep Flashcards
List the key characteristics which are true for all organisms in phylum porifera
-Sedentary, aquatic (mostly marine) animals
-Do not have true tissues, organs, or body symmetry
-Body perforated by numerous pores for water flor
List the three basic sponge body types
-Ascon: simplest (no canals)
-Sycon: middle complex
-Leucon: most complex (includes branched network of canals)
–>osculum in Leucon can have more than one opening where water exits
Describe osculum
Large hole at top where water flows out of sponge
Describe Ostium
Small pores where water enters sponge
Describe porocyte
Contains pores and regulates water intake
Describe spongocoel
Main cavity inside sponge where water collects before leaving through osculars
Describe apopyle
Exit point for water through radial canal and then osculum
Incurrent canal
Passes water entering pores towards radial canals
Describe radial canal
Ensures even nutrient distribution
–>primary site for water filtration
Describe spongocoel in syconoid
the spongocoel is the main chamber where the water circulation and food capture occur within the sponge.
Describe excurrent canal
Directs water out to the osculum –> main exit point of sponge
Describe flagellated chamber
Primary filtration and water circulation unit (specialized area lined with choanocytes)
Function of archaeocytes in syconoid
Digest food, transport nutrients to other cells, differentiate into other cells
Describe function of choanocytes in syconoid
Digestion, reproduction, circulation
Describe function of pinacocytes in syconoid
Outer protect layer/barrier –> provides structure and regulates water flow
helps regulate surface area on sponge
Describe spicules function for syconoids
(stuctural support) “bones” of a sponge –> provides some protection
What examples of things in phylum Cnidaria?
Hydras, true jellyfish, sea anemones, colonial corals
List of key characteristics which are true for all organisms in Phylum Cnidaria
-Sessile, free floating, or free swimming
-Two distinct morphological forms: polyp & medusa
-Diploblastic = two tissue layers
-Cnidocytes, the stinging cells, contain nematocysts
What is a medusa and provide examploe
Medusa=free floating. Often referred to as bell/umbrella.
Ex: Sea jelly
Describe class hydrozoa
-Mainly marine
-Most have both polyp and medusa stages (Hydra do not have medusa stage)
-Polyp colonies in most
What is the function of tentacles on a hydra?
Capture prey and moves it to the mouth (has nemocytes in tentacles)
What is the function of a bud in hydra?
Helps with asexual reproduction
What is the function of a pedal disc in a hydra?
Adhesive base
Where is the epidermis located on a hydra?
Outer nonvascular layer of skin
Where is the gastrodermis on a hydra?
Lines the digestive cavity
What is the function of a gastrovacular cavity?
digest and circulates nutrients
What is the function of a mouth in a hydra?
Lead into a blind gut – intake nutrients
Where and what is the hyposome in hydra?
Contains the mouth –> helps open mouth and control structure of head
What is the function of a mesoglea?
Provides structural support (skeleton) –> allow body shape changes
What is the function of a cnidocyte in hydra?
Immobilize/capture prey with toxins and defend against predators
What is the function of a hydranth in an obelia hydroid colony?
Feeding polyp of a hydroid
What is the function of a gonangia in an obelia hydroid colony?
produce medusa buds asexually
What is the function of medusa buds in an obelia hydroid colony?
Actual development/growing of jellyfish structure
(gonangium is more like the container)
What is the function of manubrium in an obelia medusae?
Hold the mouth –> mouth attached at tip
Describe class schyphozoa
-Marine coastal waters
-Polyp stage restricted to small larval form
What is an aurelia?
A true jellyfish
What is the function of the oral lobes in an aurelia?
capture and transfer prey to the mouth
What is the function of gonads in an aurelia?
reproduction –> produce egg and sperm
What is the unction of marginal tentacles in an aurelia?
-Help jellyfish capture prey
-Defense: has stinging cells and can release toxins
What is the function of a ring canal in an aurelia?
Allow water to move into radial canals
Describe class anthozoa
-Sea anemones and corals
-Marine coastal waters
-Solitary or colonia polyps
-NO medusa stage
What is a metridium?
Sea anemone
What is the function of the mouth in a metridium?
Center of oral disc –> ingest food, excrete waste, and release reproductive cells
What is the function of a septum/septa?
-It’s mesenteries
-Function: provide additional surface area in the gastrovascular cavity for digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
What is the function of a pedal disc in metridium?
Adhesion and locomotion
Which of the four categories of protozoan groups does Euglena belong to?
Flagellated
Which structures found in Euglena are evidence that they can obtain nutrients by photosynthesis?
It’s green color –> has chloroplasts
Which of the four categories of protozoan groups does Trypanosoma belong to?
Flagellated
Name one disease caused by organisms in genus Trypanosoma
African sleeping sickness
Which of the four categories of protozoan groups does Plasmodium belong to?
Spore forming
What disease does plasmodium cause?
Malaria
Which of the four categories of protozoan groups does Paramecium belong to?
Ciliated
How does Paramecium get nutrients into its oral groove?
Takes advantage of cilia
Which of the four categories of protozoan groups does Amoeba belong to?
Amoeboid
What are pseudopodia and how are they used by Amoeba?
General cell extensions (arms/legs) –> helps cell move
What process does Amoeba used to bring nutrients into its cell?
Phagocytosis
What is taxonomy?
Classification of living things
What is binomial nomenclature?
System of naming organisms
–> Genus (capitalized) and species (lower case)
–> both underlined or in italics
What is a domain?
Three primary divisions of living system –> eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea
What is a kingdom?
Highest taxonomic classification into which organisms are grouped based on similiarities and common ancestry
–> animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists
What is a genus?
A taxonomic category generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics
–> genus is always capitalized and underlined or in italics
Rank from highest to lowest in terms of classification
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
List of key characteristics which are true for organisms in Phylum Platyhelminthes
-Free living flatworms are usually aquatic
-Parasitic flatworms live within hosts’ bodies
-Bilateral symmetry
-Triploblastic: acoelomate (no body cavity)
-Usually monoecious: one house
-Incomplete digestive tract in flatworms that have a digestive system
Describe class turbellaria and give an example
-Mostly free living, carnivorous, aquatic forms with a ciliated epidermis
-Ex: Planaria (they’re planarians)
Identify the functions in the structures: ocelli, auricles, pharynx
-Ocelli: light sensing mechanism to guide behavior
-Auricles: detects chemicals in environment
-Pharynx: entrance/exit to the digestive system
Describe class Trematoda
-Parasitic with wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts
-Suckers for attachment to host
-Also known as flukes
Identify the functions in the structures: oral sucker, ventral sucker, pharynx, excretory pore, vitellaria (yolk glands)
-Oral sucker: attachment to host and feeding
-Ventral sucker: attachment to host only
-Pharynx: muscular structure used to pull food into intestine via the oral sucker
-Excretory pore: release metabolic waste outside the body
-Vitellaria: produce yolk material used to nourish developing embryo within egg
Describe Class Cestoda
-Parasitic in most vertebrate hosts
-Complex lifecycle with intermediate and multiple hosts
-No digestive system
-Also known as tapeworms
Describe the functions of these structures: scolex, hooks, suckers
-Scolex: attaches to host’s intestinal wall
-Hooks: hooks to intestinal lining
-Suckers: also attack to wall –> no feeding through suckers
Describe Phylum Nematoda
-Bilaterally symmetrical
-Triploblastic tissue: pseudocoelomate (has body cavity)
-Pseudocoelom with complete digestive tract
-Usually dioecious (separate sexes)
-Contains both free living and parasitic species
-Have longitudinal muscles but lack circular muscles
-Also known as roundworms
Describe function of these structures: cuticle, pharynx, excretory ducts, spicules
-Cuticle: tough protective coating secreted by epidermis (important for parasites)
-Pharynx: muscular organ that sucks food from mouth into the intestine
-Excretory ducts: excretory system (lateral lines)
-Spicules: grasp onto female during sex
