Animal Bio exam 3 Flashcards
The pedipalps of some Arachnids are modified for…
Provide sensory info, manipulate objects, capture prey, mating (all arachnids); defense (scorpion only)
The tagmata of spiders and horseshoe crabs…
- Horseshoe crabs: cephalothorax and abdomen
- Crabs: same thing
**both in subphylum Chelicerata
Like the chordates, hemichordates have…
- Triploblastic coelomates
- Five things: notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or pouches, endostyle/thyroid gland, post-anal tail
Which of the following phyla has the greatest number of described species?
Arthropoda
What is an ossicle?
Small bone or bony structure
Which of the following is/are general characteristics of centipedes
- Unfused segments
- 1 pair of legs/segment
What is the function of the Aristotle’s lantern?
To chew/grind food in a sea urchin
Members of phylum Chaetognatha
Arrow worms
In a sea star, the ___ is the opening to the outside of the animal and ___ surrounds the mouth
Madreporite; arms(?)
Why is the hemolympth from horseshoe crabs so valuable?
Contains Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) – a substance used to detect bacterial endotoxins in medical products like vaccines and injectable drugs
What is the general function of chelicerae in the class Araneae?
Feeding (all arachnids); defense (spiders only)
What are the pharyngeal slits or pouches used for in hemichordates?
Filter feeding
Octopus mating involves ___ as males transfer their spermatophore using a specialized arm called a ___
internal fertilization; hectocotylus
Annelids differ from nematodes in which of the following ways?
Annelids do not shed their cuticle and are coelomate, not pseudocoelomate
Some Errantia (bristle worms) reproduce by releasing structures called epitokes which
contain eggs or sperm. The epitokes float to the ocean surface while the adult remains
on the ocean floor. Release of epitokes is highly synchronous, usually occurring on a
single night. What are advantages to this reproductive strategy?
A. If all individuals expel epitokes on the same night, the risk of predation for any
individual epitoke is reduced.
B. If all individuals expel epitokes on the same night, they are more likely to come into
contact and be fertilized.
C. Parents remain safe on the ocean floor, even if their epitoke is eaten they can
reproduce again next year.
D. All of these are advantages (**this is the answer)
Is reproduction for worms internal or external fertilization?
External
In many arthropods, metamorphosis is advantageous because ____
A. it reduces competition between larvae and adults
B. it increases a species’ trophic breadth
C. it allows for a specialized overwintering stage
D. all of these are potential benefits of metamorphosis (**answer is D)
Adult echinoderms exhibit ___ symmetry and larval echinoderms exhibit ___ symmetry
Pentaradial, bilateral
If a brittle star is grasped by an arm, certain muscles may contract to sever and release the arm in a process called…
Autonomy
Which of the following is not a member of the subphylum Vertebrata?
Echinoderms
Fish that live in marine environments, but move to freshwater to spawn are called ___
Anadromous
Fish living in freshwater to osmoregulate by ___
Using active transport in the kidneys and gills to get rid of excess ions
Describe key characteristics of annelids
- Triploblastic
- Protostome
- Bilateral
- Coelomate
What is the function of the coelom in annelids?
It acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, aiding movement
What are some general characteristic s of annelids?
Complete gut, closed circulatory system, moderately complex nervous system
What organs do annelids use for excretion?
Nephridia
What are some characteristics of Arthropods?
- Bilateral
- Ecdysis
- tagmata
- Open circulatory system
What is the growth and development like for arthropoda?
- Complete (egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult)
- Incomplete (egg -> nymph -> adult)
What is the importance of Arthropods?
- Ecological roles: pollination, decomposition, part of food chains
- Economic impact: pests vs. beneficial species (e.g., bees, silk moths)
- Medical relevance: disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes transmitting malaria)
What was the first type of vertebrate?
Agnatha(Jawless fishes), such as hagfish and lampreys
What evolutionary advancement allowed fish to diversify their feeding strategies?
The development of jaws
What distinguishes Chondrichthyes from other fish?
They have a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales
What is the significance of lobe finned fishes?
They include ancestors of tetrapods (land vertebrates)
What is the function of the lateral line system in fish?
Detects vibrations and movement in water
What groups are in vertebrata?
- Fishes
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals
What are some evolutionary adaptations for fish:
- Paired fins for better mobility
- Scales for protection
- Swim bladder or lungs for buoyancy and respiration
Do lampreys/hagfish have paired fins? A true jaw?
- Lack paired fins
- No jaws
Part of group Agnatha (jawless fishes) - NO scales
They will also migrate to freshwater for reproduction
What do sharks, rays, and skates belong to? Characteristics?
Chondrichthyes
1. They have skeletons made of cartilage
2. placoid scales
3. hinged jaw**
4. paired appendages**
also applies to bony fish
General characteristics of chordata
- Triploblastic
- Bilateral
- Segmented
- Coelom
- Closed circulatory
- Complete digestive system
Characteristics of subphylum Vertebrata
- Distinctive endoskeleton (bone/cartilage)
- Tripartite brain
- Endocrine system (hormones)
- Ventral heart with chambers
- Most with 2 pairs of appendages and jaws
Adaptions in fishes
- Respiration: gills extract oxygen from water
- Circulation: closed circulatory system with a 2 chambered heart
- Reproduction: external/internal; oviparous (egg laying) vs. viviparous (live bearing)
- Sensory adaptations: lateraline line system detects vibrations; electroreception in some species
- Osmoregulation
- Buoyancy regulation
Do chondrichthyes have a swim bladder?
No
What is the function of the spiral valve:
Increased surface area
Type of Chondrichthyes respiration
- ram ventilation: mouth open to let water in
- Spiracles: pores to let water in
Do bony fish (Osteichthyes) have a swim bladder?
Yes! They also have bony endoskeleton, unlike sharks
How do lungfish survive dry land?
Survives dry periods by burrowing and entering dormancy (Aestivation)
