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Bio Practical 3 Flashcards

1
Q

List three subphylums of Phylum Chordata

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Vertebrata
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2
Q

What are included in subphylum Vertebrata?

A
  1. Fish
  2. Amphibians
  3. Reptiles
  4. Birds
  5. Mammals
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3
Q

Which subphylum of Phylum Chordata is the largest?

A

Vertebrata

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4
Q

Key characteristics of Vertebrata

A
  1. Bony/cartilaginous skull around the brain
  2. Well developed head with paired sensory organs
  3. Notochord present only in embyros and develops into part of the vertebral column (except for hagfish/lampreys)
  4. Vertebrae protect the dorsal nerve cord (except hagfish/lampreys)
  5. Chambered heart consisting of 1-2 atria and 1-2 ventricles
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5
Q

How does the body system of subphylum Vertebrata work?

A
  1. Closed circulatory system
  2. Complete digestive system
  3. Kidneys are primary excretory organs
  4. Mostly dioecious and sexual
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6
Q

List all the classes of subphylum Vertebrata

A
  1. Class Petromyzontida
  2. Class Chondrichthyes
  3. Class Actinopterygii
  4. Class Amphibia
  5. Class Reptilia
  6. Class Aves
  7. Class Mammalia
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7
Q

List the orders of Vertebrata and its matching class

A
  1. Class Amphibia
    -Order Apoda
    -Order Urodela
    -Order Anura
  2. Class Reptilia
    -Order Testudines
    -Order Squamata
    -Order Crocodilia
  3. Class Mammalia
    -Subclass Prototheria
    -Subclass Theria
    –Infraclass Metatheria
    –Infraclass Eutheria
    –>Order Lagomorpha
    –>Order Rodentia
    –>Order Carnivora
    –>Order Chiroptera
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8
Q

What are characteristics of Class Petromyzontida?

A
  1. No paired appendages
  2. Cartilaginous skeleton with persistent notochord
  3. No jaws
  4. No scales
  5. Diphycercal caudal fin
  6. Sucking mouth w/ teeth and rasping tongue
    **lampreys (some are parasitic)
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9
Q

Identify all structures of class Petromyzontida

A
  1. Buccal funnel
  2. Gill slits
  3. Dorsal fins
  4. Caudal fin
  5. Notochord
  6. Brain
  7. Spinal cord
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10
Q

What are the four basic scale types of fishes and which belongs to which class?

A
  1. Placoid: tooth like (Chondrichthyes)
  2. Ganoid: thick, diamond shaped (Petromyzontida)
  3. Cycloid: thin/flexible; arranged in overlapping rows [smooth edges] (Actinopterygii)
  4. Ctenoid: thin/flexible, overlapping rows, one edge is jagged/spiny
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11
Q

What are the 3 basic caudal fin types and what class they belong to?

A
  1. Hetercercal
    **Sharks, sturgeon (Chondrichthyes)
  2. Diphycercal
    **Lampreys, lungfish, coelacanths
    (Petromyzontida)
  3. Homocercal
    **Perch, most bony fish (Actinopterygii)
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12
Q

List the characteristics of class Chondrichthyes

A
  1. Ventral mouth; jaws present
  2. Cartilaginous skeleton with paired appendages
  3. No swim bladder
  4. No operculum covering the gills
    **skates, rays, sharks
    –Chondros = cartilage
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13
Q

Are all cartilaginous fish nonteleost?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Identify external structures of dogfish

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Ampullae of Lorenzini
  3. External gill slits
  4. Spiracle
  5. Lateral line
  6. Dorsal fins
  7. Pectoral fins
  8. Pelvic fins
  9. Claspers (male)
  10. Anal fin (may not be present)
  11. Caudal fin
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15
Q

Identify internal structures of dogfish

A
  1. Gills
  2. heart (atrium + ventricle)
  3. Liver
  4. Stomach
  5. Spleen
  6. Pancreas
  7. Valvular intestine (ileum)
  8. Spiral valve (located inside the valvular intestine)
  9. Kidney
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16
Q

What is the function of Ampullae of Lorenzi?

A

Electroreception to help catch prey

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17
Q

Function of external gill slits

A

Release water from the shark’s body

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18
Q

Function of lateral line

A

Sense low frequency vibrations to help catch prey

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19
Q

Function of dorsal fins

A

Steering; Helps them maintain dorsal-ventral orientation while swimming

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20
Q

Function of pectoral fins

A

Steering; Braking

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21
Q

Function of claspers

A

Deposit sperm in female reproductive tract

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22
Q

Function of caudal fin

A

Main source of thrust while swimming; as as a rudder for steering

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23
Q

Function of cloaca

A

Common chamber for collection of urine, feces, and sperm/eggs

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24
Q

Function of liver

A

Detoxifies certain digested compounds; produces bile

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25
Q

Function of spleen

A

Stores blood

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26
Q

Function of spiral valve

A

Provides increased surface area for digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

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27
Q

Function of kidney

A

Filter nitrogenous metabolic waste out of the blood

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28
Q

Characteristics of class Actinopterygii

A
  1. Bony skeleton, usually terminal mouth
  2. Swim bladder and operculum present
  3. Mostly teleost, some non-teleost
  4. Non-teleost fishes = gar and bowfin
  5. Teleost fishes = perch, trout, bass, catfish, etc.
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29
Q

External structures of a perch

A
  1. Dorsal fins
  2. Pectoral fins
  3. Pelvic fins
  4. Anal fin
  5. Caudal fin
  6. Lateral line
  7. Operculum
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30
Q

Internal structures of a perch

A
  1. Gills
  2. Heart
  3. Liver
  4. Stomach
  5. Spleen
  6. Intestine
  7. Pyloric ceca
  8. Swim bladder
  9. Testes (male) or ovaries (female)
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31
Q

Function of operculum

A

Pump water across gills

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32
Q

Function of stomach

A

Store food and start digestion process

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33
Q

Function of pyloric ceca

A

Pouches that increase surface area for digestion of food

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34
Q

Function of swim bladder

A

Maintain buoyancy

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35
Q

Characteristics of class Amphibia

A
  1. Skin with mucoid secretions (moist; usually no external scales)
  2. Larvae are usually aquatic
  3. Adults are aquatic, semi-terrestrial or terrestrial
  4. Adults are tetrapods (4 limbs, Apoda limbless)
  5. 3 chambered heart
  6. Respiration by lungs, gills, skin, and mouth lining
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36
Q

Body system of class Amphibia

A
  1. Complete digestive system
  2. Closed circulatory system
  3. Kidney excretory
  4. Mostly dioecious; frogs external fertilization, other two are internal
  5. Mostly oviparous [egg-laying] (few viviparous)
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37
Q

Characteristics of order Apoda

A
  1. Limbless and wormlike body (reduced eyes)
  2. Small scales present in some species
  3. Tail absent
  4. Generally known as caecilians
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38
Q

Characteristics of order Urodela

A
  1. Body with head, trunk, and long tail
  2. Usually two pair of equal sized limbs
  3. Some respire through skin
  4. Some salamanders retain larval characteristics into adulthood
    **e.g. external gills, absence of eyelids, presence of lateral line, and fin-like tail)
  5. Carnivorous
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39
Q

Structures of a salamander

A
  1. Gular fold
  2. Gills
  3. Cloacal opening
  4. Heart
  5. Lungs
  6. Liver
  7. Spleen
  8. Stomach
  9. Pancreas
  10. Small intestine
  11. Large intestine
40
Q

Characteristics of order Anura

A
  1. Head and trunk fused
  2. Tail absent
  3. Two pairs of limbs; hindlimbs elongated
  4. Large mouth; lungs present
  5. Anuran tongues are attached at the front of the mouth for projection to capture prey
    **frogs/toads
41
Q

Skeletal structure of frog

A
  1. Suprascapula
  2. Scapula
  3. Humerus
  4. Radioulna
  5. Vertebrae
  6. Ilium
  7. Urostyle
  8. Femur
  9. Tibiofibula
42
Q

External structure of a frog

A
  1. Eyelids
  2. Nostrils
  3. Tympanic membrane
  4. Cloacal opening
43
Q

Internal structures of a frog

A
  1. Heart
  2. Lungs
  3. Liver
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Pancreas
  6. Spleen
  7. Stomach
  8. Small intestine
  9. Large intestine
  10. Ovaries
  11. Oviducts
  12. Kidney
  13. Fat bodies
44
Q

Function of the heart

A

Pump blood throughout the body via blood vessels

45
Q

Function of the lungs

A

primary organs of respiration

46
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Store bile produced in the liver

47
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Produce digestive compounds & secrete them into small intestine

48
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Completion of food digestion

49
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Absorption of water, ions, and some vitamins from digestive waste

50
Q

Function of fat bodies

A

Store lipids for use when food is scarce

51
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Produce eggs for reproduction

52
Q

Function of oviducts

A

Transport eggs from ovaries

53
Q

Function of testes

A

Produce sperm for reproduction

54
Q

Characteristics of class Reptilia

A
  1. Dry skin covered with keratinized scales (helps body retain water)
  2. Respiration via lungs
  3. 3 chambered heart (except crocodiles)
  4. Internal fertilization
  5. Mostly oviparous; have amniotic eggs covered by calcareous or leathery shells
  6. 2 pairs of legs (if present); usually 5 digits each
55
Q

Body system of class Reptilia

A
  1. Complete digestive system
  2. Closed circulatory system
  3. Excretory system: kidneys
  4. Dioecious; mostly reproduces sexually
56
Q

What are the three types of amniote skulls and what class/order belongs to which?

A
  1. Anapsid = no holes
    **Order Testudines (turtles)
  2. Synapsid = one hole
    **Class Mammalia
  3. Diapsid = 2 holes
    **Class Aves and all reptiles
57
Q

Characteristics of order Testudines

A
  1. Has a bony shell
  2. Jaws without teeth; beak like mouth
  3. Vertebrae and ribs fused to shell
  4. Neck usually retractable
  5. Eyes with moveable eyelids
    **turtles, tortoises
58
Q

Structures of a turtle

A
  1. Carapace (top half of shell)
  2. Plastron (bottom half of shell; belly)
  3. Trachea
  4. Esophagus
  5. Liver
  6. Gallbladder
  7. Heart
  8. Lungs
  9. Stomach
  10. Pancreas
  11. Small intestine
  12. Large intestine
  13. Urinary bladder
  14. Cloaca
  15. Ovaries (females)
  16. Testes (males)
59
Q

Characteristics of order Squamata

A
  1. Most lizards have legs, a few do not
  2. Lizards have moveable eyelids and external ears (snakes lack both)
  3. Males have paired copulatory organs (hemipenes)
  4. Some species are viviparous; most are oviparous
    **Lizards and snakes
60
Q

Structures of a snake

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Esophagus
  3. Heart
  4. Right lung
  5. Liver
  6. Gallbladder
  7. Stomach
  8. Intestine
  9. Kidney
  10. Cloaca
61
Q

Characteristics of order Crocodilia

A
  1. Skull elongated and massive
  2. 4 chambered heart
  3. Forelimbs usually with 5 digits; hind limbs with 4 digits
62
Q

Characteristics of class Aves

A
  1. Forelimbs adapted for flight (wings and flight feathers)
  2. Light, hollow bones
  3. Keeled sternum (attachment for flight muscles)
  4. Internal fertilization; most females have a left ovary and left oviduct only
  5. 4 chambered heart
  6. Oviparous; eggs with hard external calcareous shell
63
Q

Body system of class Aves

A
  1. Complete digestive system
  2. Closed circulatory system
  3. Kidneys = excretory
  4. Dioecious; sexual reproduction
64
Q

Pigeon skeletal structures

A
  1. Cranium
  2. Dentary (anterior part of mandible)
  3. Cervical vertebrae
  4. Coracoid
  5. Furcula
  6. Sternum
  7. Keel of sternum
  8. Scapula
  9. Ribs
  10. Humerus
  11. Ulna
  12. Radius
  13. Synsacrum
  14. Femur
  15. Tibiotarsus
  16. Pygostyle
  17. Phalanges
65
Q

Body structures of a bird

A
  1. Crop
  2. Esophagus
  3. Trachea
  4. Uropygial gland
  5. Cloacal opening
  6. Gizzard
  7. Heart
  8. Intestine
  9. Liver
  10. Lung
  11. Pancreas
  12. Proventriculus
  13. Kidney
  14. Testis
66
Q

Function of trachea

A

Move air to and from the lungs for respiration

67
Q

Function of esophagus

A

Move swallowed food from mouth to crop

68
Q

Function of proventriculus

A

Mix food with enzymes to begin chemical digestion of food

69
Q

Function of gizzard

A

Muscular pouch that mechanically churns and breaks up food items

70
Q

Function of uropygial gland

A

Secrete oil to coat feathers and make them waterproof

71
Q

Identify feather parts

A
  1. Shaft
    –Calamus (quill)
    –Rachis
  2. Vane
72
Q

Characteristics of class Mammalia

A
  1. Mammary glands
  2. Endothermic
  3. 4-chambered heart
  4. Internal fertilization
  5. 3 middle ear bones
  6. Non-nucleated red blood cells
  7. Most have heterodont teeth
  8. Mandibles is formed by a fused pair of single dentary bones
  9. All have hair at some stage in their life
73
Q

Body system of class Mammalia

A
  1. Completed digestive system
  2. Closed circulatory system
  3. Kidneys are excretory organ
  4. Dioecious and sexual reproduction (mostly viviparous)
74
Q

Characteristics of subclass Prototheria

A
  1. Oviparous
  2. Lack nipples (mammary glands instead)
    **Platypus, echnidas, or spiny anteaters
75
Q

Characteristics of subclass Theria

A
  1. Viviparous (give birth to live young)
  2. Includes all marsupial and placental mammals
76
Q

Characteristics of infraclass Metatheria

A
  1. Embryos spend little time developing inside mother’s uterus
  2. Young mostly develop outside the uterus within an abdominal pouch
  3. Nipples inside pouch
    **Opossums, kangaroos, koalas
77
Q

Characteristics of infraclass Eutheria

A
  1. Developing young are attached to mother by placenta within uterus
  2. Nipples present
    **rodents, whales, bats, elephants, cats, dogs, humans, etc.
78
Q

Characteristics of order Lagomorpha

A
  1. Herbivorous with long incisors for snipping vegetation
  2. All permanent teeth grow continuously throughout life
    **rabbits, hares, pika
79
Q

Characteristics of order Rodentia

A
  1. Sharp incisors grow continually throughout life
  2. Largest mammalian
80
Q

Characteristics of order Carnivora

A
  1. Most are carnivorous
  2. Heterdont teeth are adapted for killing other animals and consuming flesh
81
Q

Characteristics of order Chiroptera

A
  1. Forelimbs modified into wings
  2. Diet: fruit, blood, arthropods, nectar
82
Q

What are the three types of teeth?

A
  1. Incisors: snipping or biting
  2. Canines: piercing
  3. Premolars & molars: shearing, slicing, or grinding
83
Q

List the diets and distinguish the teeth used for each type

A
  1. Carnivores: sharp canines
  2. Herbivores: flat molars
  3. Omnivores: long canines and flat molars
  4. Insectivores: pointed molars
84
Q

Difference between predator and prey eye sockets

A
  1. Predator: eyes face forward on a skull
  2. Prey: eyes located on the side of head
85
Q

Skeletal structures of cat

A
  1. Skull
  2. Mandible
  3. Atlas
  4. Axis
  5. Scapula
  6. Humerus
  7. Radius
  8. Ulna
  9. Ribs
  10. Vertebrae
  11. Os coxa (hip)
  12. Femur
  13. Tibia
  14. Fibula
86
Q

Head region of a pig

A
  1. Snout
  2. External nares (nostrils)
  3. Whiskers
  4. Ears
87
Q

Trunk region of a pig

A
  1. Nipples
  2. Umbilical cord
  3. Urogenital opening
  4. Anus
  5. Genital papilla (females)
  6. Scrotum (males)
88
Q

Function of whiskers

A

Touch reception provides sensory data for spatial orientation

89
Q

Function of thyroid

A

Production of certain hormones

90
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Pull air into the lungs

91
Q

Function of cecum

A

House bacteria that break down cellulose in plant material

92
Q

Function of spiral colon

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

93
Q

Function of the ureters

A

Move urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

94
Q

Function of the urinary bladder

A

Temporary storage of urine before it is eliminated from the body

95
Q

Function of the uterus

A

Embryonic development of fetuses

OSU (12 decks)

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