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Anatomy I > Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

isotonic contractions

A

Contractions that involve shortening of the muscle

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2
Q

isometric contractions

A

tightening (contractions) of a specific muscle or group of muscles
- doesn’t noticeable change length
- joint doesn’t move

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3
Q

agonist muscle

A

produce movements through their own contraction and generate specific movements

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4
Q

antagonist muscle

A

relaxing and lengthening while the opposite shortens and contracts

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5
Q

supinator

A

O: lateral epicondyle
I: posterior lateral radius
A: supination

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6
Q

brachioradialis

A

O: lateral supracondylar ridge on distal humerus
I: base of styloid process of radius
A: flexion

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7
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A

O: medial epicondyle and olecranon
I: metacarpals
A: flexion and adduction

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8
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: metacarpals
A: flexion and abduction

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9
Q

biceps brachii

A

O: coracoid process
I: radial tuberosity
A: flexion and supination

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10
Q

triceps brachii

A

O: scapula and posterior humerus
I: olecranon
A: extension

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11
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A

O: lateral epicondyle and posterior ulna
I: base of 5th metacarpal
A: extension and adduction

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12
Q

extensor carpi radialis

A

O: lateral epicondyle
I: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal
A: extension and abduction

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13
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual area

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14
Q

parietal lobe

A

-somatosensory areas
- postcentral gyrus
- localizes parts of the body where sensation originates

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15
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor area
  • prefrontal cortex
  • brocas area
  • frontal eye fields for reading and scanning
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16
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • primary auditory and olfactory areas
  • cortex superficial areas
  • deep = smell
  • wernickes area
  • hippoampus
  • amygdala
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17
Q

cerebellum

A

region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

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18
Q

pons

A
  • relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
  • connects left and right cerebellum
  • ascending sensory and descending motor pathways
  • pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
  • originates cranial nerve
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19
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • regulator of homeostasis
  • emotions and behavior
  • eating and drinking
  • feeding center, satiety center, thirst center
  • aids in controlling body temp
  • circadian rhythms
  • states of consciousness
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20
Q

pineal body

A

melatonin

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21
Q

thalamus

A
  • relays all sensations except smell to cerebral cortex
  • conscious recognition of pain, temp, light touch, and pressure
  • awareness and knowledge
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22
Q

corupus callosum

A

large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

medulla

A
  • reflex centers for regulation of heart rate, respiratory rate, and vaso- constriction
  • swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccuping
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24
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • endocrine functions
  • growth
  • metabolism
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25
Q

dura mater

A

tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire CNS

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26
Q

meninges

A

three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

midbrain

A
  • connects pons and diencephalon
  • regulates auditory and visual reflexes
  • reticular formation
  • corpora quadrigemina
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28
Q

septal nucleus

A

pleasure center

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29
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • regulate initiation and termination of movement
  • control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle
  • parkinsons disease
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30
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response

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31
Q

sciatic nerve

A

a major nerve extending from the lower end of the spinal cord down the back of the thigh, and dividing above the knee join

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32
Q

brachial nerve plexus

A

the network of nerves that sends signals from the spinal cord to the shoulder, arm and hand.

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33
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

specific region of the frontal lobe anterior to the more specific motor function areas, which can be related to the early planning of movements and intentions to the point of being personality-type functions

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34
Q

precentral gyrus

A

ridge just posterior to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, where somatosensory processing initially takes place in the cerebrum

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35
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

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36
Q

amygdala

A

emotions, fear, anger

37
Q

hippocampus

A

gray matter deep in the temporal lobe that is very important for long-term memory formation, logic, and direction

38
Q

superior and inferior colliculi

A

vision and hearing
-midbrain

39
Q

alpha waves

A
  • major rhythm in normal relaxed adults
  • alert but not actively processing information
  • calm and at ease
  • linked to: extroversion, creativity, mental work
40
Q

beta waves

A
  • dominant rhythm when alert or slightly anxious
  • eyes open, listening, thinking, analytical problem solving, decision making, relaxed and focused
  • high IQ
  • increased with ADD
41
Q

theta waves

A
  • slow brain wave activity
  • daydreaming, prayer
  • state between wakefulness and sleep
  • creative and intuitive activities
  • abnormal in most adults (anxiety, behavioral conflicts)
  • reflects limbic system activity
42
Q

delta waves

A
  • lowest frequency waves
  • deep sleep
  • can occur during “empathy”
43
Q

I. olfactory nerve

A

first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell

44
Q

II. optic nerve

A

second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation

45
Q

III. oculomotor nerve

A

third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four of the extraocular muscles, the muscle in the upper eyelid, and pupillary constriction

46
Q

IV. trochlear nerve

A

fourth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles

47
Q

VI. abducens nerve

A

sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles

48
Q

V. trigeminal nerve

A

fifth cranial nerve; responsible for cutaneous sensation of the face and contraction of the muscles of mastication

49
Q

VII. facial nerve

A

seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

50
Q

VIII. vestibulocochlear nerve

A

eighth cranial nerve; responsible for the sensations of hearing and balance

51
Q

VIV. glossopharyngeal nerve

A

ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

52
Q

X. vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve; responsible for the autonomic control of organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities

53
Q

XI. accessory nerve

A

eleventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of neck muscles

54
Q

XII. hypoglossal nerve

A

twelfth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles of the tongue

55
Q

reflex

A

an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought.

56
Q

sensory neuron

A

nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment that are in dorsal root ganglia

57
Q

motor neuron

A

transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles (such as those in your stomach), and so directly control all of our muscle movements.
- apart of CNS

58
Q

effector

A

that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector in order to bring about a physiological response to changes in the environment

59
Q

pupillary reflex

A

The pupillary light reflex is an autonomic reflex that constricts the pupil in response to light, thereby adjusting the amount of light that reaches the retin

60
Q

ciliospinal reflex

A

rapid dilation of the ipsilateral pupil (by 1 to 2mm) with a painful or startling stimulus.

61
Q

biceps brachii reflex

A

flexion of forearm to text C5 and C6 reflex arc

62
Q

triceps brachii reflex

A

involuntary contraction of triceps brachia to check for C7 function

63
Q

patellar reflex

A

knee jerk that tests lumbar vertebrae

64
Q

hamstring reflex

A

hamstring muscle that tests L5

65
Q

achilles reflex

A

plantar flex
S1 and S2

66
Q

bibinski/plantar reflex

A

toe curling

67
Q

primitive reflex

A

first basic reflexes
- rooting, sucking, moro, grasp

68
Q

dermatomes

A

cutaneous area developed from one embryonic spinal cord segment and recieving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve (skin segments)

69
Q

anterior chamber eye

A

The anterior chamber is the front part of the eye between the cornea and the iris.

70
Q

choroid coat

A

the pigmented vascular layer of the eyeball between the retina and the sclera

71
Q

ciliary body

A

the part of the eye that connects the iris to the choroid.

72
Q

cornea

A
  • covers iris and pupil and allows light to enter
73
Q

iris

A

helps regulate amount of light entering the eye

74
Q

lens

A

transmits light and focuses it on retina

75
Q

posterior chamber

A

between iris and lens

76
Q

pupil

A

lets light into eye

77
Q

sclera

A

supports wall of eye ball and shape

78
Q

vitreous humor/chamber

A

providing metabolic nutrient requirements of the lens, coordinating eye growth and providing support to the retina

79
Q

pinna/auricle

A

outer ear

80
Q

retina

A

converts light into electrical signals

81
Q

tympanic membrane

A

ear drum, sends vibrations to inner ear

82
Q

ossicles

A

connects tympanic membrane to inner ear to allow for the transmission of sound waves

83
Q

middle ear

A

offset the decrease in acoustic energy

84
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear with nasal sinus cavity and helps to balance pressure

85
Q

semicircular canals

A

balance

86
Q

cochlea

A

auditory transduction

87
Q

vestibule

A

senses equilibrium and position

88
Q

internal carotid artery

A

supplies oxygenated blood to brain and its structures

Anatomy I (13 decks)

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