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Anatomy I > Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

primary vesicles of embyronic development

A
  1. prosencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. rhombencephalon
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2
Q

secondary vesicles of embryonic development

A
  1. telencephalon
  2. diencephalon
  3. mesencephalon
  4. metencephalon
  5. myelencephalon
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3
Q

sections of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. brain stem and reticular formation
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4
Q

cerebrum parts

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • lobes
  • basal nuclei
  • limbic system
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5
Q

brain stem parts

A
  • reticular formation
  • pons
  • medulla
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6
Q

right hemisphere functions

A
  • left hand control
  • music and art
  • spatial perception
  • insight
  • imagination
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7
Q

left hemisphere functions

A
  • right hand control
  • written and spoken language
  • science and math
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8
Q

blood brain barrier

A
  • protects brain from many harmful substances and pathogens
  • endothelial cells of the capillaries of the brain have selective permeability
  • surrounded by astrocytes that secrete chemicals
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9
Q

how is cerebrospinal fluid made?

A

CSF is made by networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles called the Choroid Plexuses

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10
Q

cerebrum superficial areas

A
  • gray matter
  • gyri
  • fissures
  • sulci
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11
Q

cerebrum deep areas

A
  • white and gray matter
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12
Q

frontal lobe parts

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor area
  • prefrontal cortex
  • brocas area
  • frontal eye fields for reading and scanning
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13
Q

premotor area function

A

motor memory

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14
Q

prefrontal cortex function

A

thinking and concentration

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15
Q

brocas area function

A

expressive speech

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16
Q

parietal lobe areas

A
  • somatosensory areas
  • postcentral gyrus
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17
Q

parietal lobe function

A

localizes parts of the body where sensation originates

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18
Q

somatosensory area function

A

conscious perception of touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, taste, pain, and itch

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19
Q

temporal lobe areas

A
  • primary auditory and olfactory areas
  • cortex superficial areas
  • deep = smell
  • wernickes area
  • hippoampus
  • amygdala
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20
Q

wernickes area function

A

comprehension of speech

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21
Q

amygdala function

A
  • emotions
  • fear and anger
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22
Q

hippocampus function

A
  • memory
  • logic
  • direction
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23
Q

occipital lobe function

A
  • primary visual area
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24
Q

diencephalon parts

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus and mammillary bodies
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
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25
Q

thalamus function

A
  • relays all sensations except smell to cerebral cortex
  • conscious recognition of pain, temp, light touch, and pressure
  • awareness and knowledge
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26
Q

hypothalamus function

A
  • regulator of homeostasis
  • emotions and behavior
  • eating and drinking
  • feeding center, satiety center, thirst center
  • aids in controlling body temp
  • circadian rhythms
  • states of consciousness
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27
Q

pineal gland function

A

secretes melatonin

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28
Q

pituitary gland function

A
  • endocrine functions
  • growth
  • metabolism
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29
Q

midbrain (mesencephalon) function

A
  • connects pons and diencephalon
  • regulates auditory and visual reflexes
  • reticular formation
  • corpora quadrigemina
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30
Q

reticular formation function

A
  • regulates muscle tone
  • conciousness
  • awakening from sleep
  • RAS = reticular activating system
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31
Q

pons function

A
  • relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
  • connects left and right cerebellum
  • ascending sensory and descending motor pathways
  • pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
  • originates cranial nerves
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32
Q

medulla function

A
  • reflex centers for regulation of heart rate, respiratory rate, and vaso- constriction
  • swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccuping
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33
Q

limbic system parts

A
  • limbic lobe
  • medial rim of hemispheres
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • septal nuclei
  • olfactory bulb
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34
Q

septal nuclei

A

pleasure center

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35
Q

limbic system functions

A

emotion
- pain, pleasure, affection, anger
- olfaction
- memory

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36
Q

corpora quadrigemina of midbrain parts

A
  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi
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37
Q

superior colliculi function

A

vision

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38
Q

inferior colliculi function

A

vision and hearing

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39
Q

cerebellum function

A
  • coordination
  • balance
    -posture
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40
Q

cerebral vascular accident right side

A
  • left hemiplegic
  • left side weakness
  • spatial difficulties
  • poor judgement
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41
Q

cerebral vascular accident left side

A
  • right hemiplegic
  • right side weakness
  • aphasia
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42
Q

basal ganglia function

A
  • regulate initiation and termination of movement
  • control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle
  • parkinsons disease
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43
Q

4th ventricle function

A
  • filled with CSF
  • protects brain from physical and chemical damage
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44
Q

EEG waves: alpha

A
  • major rhythm in normal relaxed adults
  • alert but not actively processing information
  • calm and at ease
  • linked to: extroversion, creativity, mental work
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45
Q

EEG waves: beta

A
  • dominant rhythm when alert or slightly anxious
  • eyes open, listening, thinking, analytical problem solving, decision making, relaxed and focused
  • high IQ
  • increased with ADD
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46
Q

EEG waves: theta

A
  • slow brain wave activity
  • daydreaming, prayer
  • state between wakefulness and sleep
  • creative and intuitive activities
  • abnormal in most adults (anxiety, behavioral conflicts)
  • reflects limbic system activity
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47
Q

EEG waves: delta

A
  • lowest frequency waves
  • deep sleep
  • can occur during “empathy”
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48
Q

abducens nerve

A

sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles

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49
Q

alar plate

A

developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the posterior horn of the gray matter

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50
Q

anterior column

A

white matter between the anterior horns of the spinal cord composed of many different groups of axons of both ascending and descending tracts

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51
Q

anterior horn

A

gray matter of the spinal cord containing multipolar motor neurons, sometimes referred to as the ventral horn

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52
Q

anterior median fissure

A

deep midline feature of the anterior spinal cord, marking the separation between the right and left sides of the cord

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53
Q

anterior spinal artery

A

blood vessel from the merged branches of the vertebral arteries that runs along the anterior surface of the spinal cord

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54
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of CSF into the blood

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55
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web–like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater

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56
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

filaments between the arachnoid and pia mater within the subarachnoid space

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57
Q

ascending tract

A

central nervous system fibers carrying sensory information from the spinal cord or periphery to the brain

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58
Q

axillary nerve

A

systemic nerve of the arm that arises from the brachial plexus

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59
Q

basal forebrain

A

nuclei of the cerebrum related to modulation of sensory stimuli and attention through broad projections to the cerebral cortex, loss of which is related to Alzheimer’s disease

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60
Q

basal plate

A

developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the lateral and anterior horns of gray matter

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61
Q

basilar artery

A

blood vessel from the merged vertebral arteries that runs along the dorsal surface of the brain stem

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62
Q

brodmanns areas

A

mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas to functional differences, as described by Brodmann in the early 1900s

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63
Q

carotid canal

A

opening in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the cranium

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64
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity; has the appearance of a horse’s tail

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65
Q

caudate

A

nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen, it is part of the striatum

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66
Q

central canal

A

hollow space within the spinal cord that is the remnant of the center of the neural tube

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67
Q

central sulcus

A

surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes

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68
Q

cephalic flexure

A

curve in midbrain of the embryo that positions the forebrain ventrally

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69
Q

cerebellum

A

region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

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70
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connection of the ventricular system between the third and fourth ventricles located in the midbrain

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71
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci

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72
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum

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73
Q

cervical plexus

A

nerve plexus associated with the upper cervical spinal nerves

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74
Q

choroid plexus

A

specialized structures containing ependymal cells lining blood capillaries that filter blood to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain

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75
Q

circle of willis

A

unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels around the base of the brain that maintains perfusion of blood into the brain even if one component of the structure is blocked or narrowed

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76
Q

common carotid artery

A

blood vessel that branches off the aorta (or the brachiocephalic artery on the right) and supplies blood to the head and neck

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77
Q

corpus callosum

A

large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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78
Q

cranial nerve

A

one of twelve nerves connected to the brain that are responsible for sensory or motor functions of the head and neck

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79
Q

descending tract

A

central nervous system fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery

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80
Q

direct pathway

A

connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata that disinhibit the thalamus to increase cortical control of movement

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81
Q

disinhibition

A

disynaptic connection in which the first synapse inhibits the second cell, which then stops inhibiting the final target

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82
Q

dorsal posterior nerve root

A

axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord

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83
Q

dorsal posterior root ganglion

A

sensory ganglion attached to the posterior nerve root of a spinal nerve

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84
Q

dura mater

A

tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire CNS

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85
Q

dural sinus

A

any of the venous structures surrounding the brain, enclosed within the dura mater, which drain blood from the CNS to the common venous return of the jugular veins

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86
Q

endoneurium

A

innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a nerve

87
Q

enteric nervous system

A

peripheral structures, namely ganglia and nerves, that are incorporated into the digestive system organs

88
Q

enteric plexus

A

neuronal plexus in the wall of the intestines, which is part of the enteric nervous system

89
Q

epineurium

A

outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve

90
Q

epithalamus

A

region of the diecephalon containing the pineal gland

91
Q

esophageal plexus

A

neuronal plexus in the wall of the esophagus that is part of the enteric nervous system

92
Q

extraocular muscles

A

six skeletal muscles that control eye movement within the orbit

93
Q

facial nerve

A

seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

94
Q

fascicle

A

small bundles of nerve or muscle fibers enclosed by connective tissue

95
Q

femoral nerve

A

systemic nerve of the anterior leg that arises from the lumbar plexus

96
Q

fibular nerve

A

systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve

97
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium

98
Q

forebrain

A

anterior region of the adult brain that develops from the prosencephalon and includes the cerebrum and diencephalon

99
Q

gastric plexuses

A

the portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the brain stem and opens into the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures

100
Q

globus pallidus

A

nuclei deep in the cerebrum that are part of the basal nuclei and can be divided into the internal and external segments

101
Q

gyrus

A

ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum

102
Q

hindbrain

A

posterior region of the adult brain that develops from the rhombencephalon and includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

103
Q

hippocampus

A

gray matter deep in the temporal lobe that is very important for long-term memory formation

104
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

twelfth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles of the tongue

105
Q

indirect pathway

A

connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum through the globus pallidus external segment and subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus internal segment/substantia nigra pars compacta that result in inhibition of the thalamus to decrease cortical control of movement

106
Q

inferior colliculus

A

half of the midbrain tectum that is part of the brain stem auditory pathway

107
Q

inferior olive

A

nucleus in the medulla that is involved in processing information related to motor control

108
Q

intercostal nerve

A

systemic nerve in the thoracic cavity that is found between two ribs

109
Q

internal carotid artery

A

branch from the common carotid artery that enters the cranium and supplies blood to the brain

110
Q

inter ventricular foramina

A

openings between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle allowing for the passage of CSF

111
Q

jugular veins

A

blood vessels that return “used” blood from the head and neck

112
Q

kinesthesia

A

general sensory perception of movement of the body

113
Q

lateral apertures

A

pair of openings from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space on either side and between the medulla and cerebellum

114
Q

lateral column

A

white matter of the spinal cord between the posterior horn on one side and the axons from the anterior horn on the same side; composed of many different groups of axons, of both ascending and descending tracts, carrying motor commands to and from the brain

115
Q

lateral horn

A

region of the spinal cord gray matter in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions that is the central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

116
Q

lateral sulcus

A

surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes

117
Q

lateral ventricles

A

portions of the ventricular system that are in the region of the cerebrum

118
Q

longitudinal fissures

A

large separation along the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres

119
Q

lumbar plexus

A

nerve plexus associated with the lumbar spinal nerves

120
Q

lumbar puncture

A

procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column that avoids the risk of damaging CNS tissue because the spinal cord ends at the upper lumbar vertebrae

121
Q

median aperture

A

singular opening from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the midline between the medulla and cerebellum

122
Q

median nerve

A

systemic nerve of the arm, located between the ulnar and radial nerves

123
Q

meninges

A

protective outer coverings of the CNS composed of connective tissue

124
Q

mesencephalon

A

primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that does not significantly change through the rest of embryonic development and becomes the midbrain

125
Q

metencephalon

A

secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum

126
Q

midbrain

A

middle region of the adult brain that develops from the mesencephalon

127
Q

myelencephalon

A

secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the medulla

128
Q

nerve plexus

A

network of nerves without neuronal cell bodies included

129
Q

neural crest

A

tissue that detaches from the edges of the neural groove and migrates through the embryo to develop into peripheral structures of both nervous and non-nervous tissues

130
Q

neural fold

A

elevated edge of the neural groove

131
Q

neural groove

A

region of the neural plate that folds into the dorsal surface of the embryo and closes off to become the neural tube

132
Q

neural plate

A

thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue

133
Q

neural tube

A

precursor to structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium

134
Q

neuraxis

A

central axis to the nervous system, from the posterior to anterior ends of the neural tube; the inferior tip of the spinal cord to the anterior surface of the cerebrum

135
Q

occipital sinuses

A

dural sinuses along the edge of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum

136
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four of the extraocular muscles, the muscle in the upper eyelid, and pupillary constriction

137
Q

optic nerve

A

second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation

138
Q

orthostatic reflex

A

sympathetic function that maintains blood pressure when standing to offset the increased effect of gravity

139
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

autonomic ganglia superior to the sympathetic chain ganglia

140
Q

Pareto-occipital sulcus

A

groove in the cerebral cortex representing the border between the parietal and occipital cortices

141
Q

perineurium

A

layer of connective tissue surrounding fascicles within a nerve

142
Q

phrenic nerve

A

systemic nerve from the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm

143
Q

pia mater

A

thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS

144
Q

plexus

A

network of nerves or nervous tissue

145
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

146
Q

posterior columns

A

white matter of the spinal cord that lies between the posterior horns of the gray matter, sometimes referred to as the dorsal column; composed of axons of ascending tracts that carry sensory information up to the brain

147
Q

posterior horn

A

gray matter region of the spinal cord in which sensory input arrives, sometimes referred to as the dorsal horn

148
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

midline feature of the posterior spinal cord, marking the separation between right and left sides of the cord

149
Q

posterolateral sulcus

A

feature of the posterior spinal cord marking the entry of posterior nerve roots and the separation between the posterior and lateral columns of the white matter

150
Q

pre central gyrus

A

ridge just posterior to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, where somatosensory processing initially takes place in the cerebrum

151
Q

prefrontal lobe

A

specific region of the frontal lobe anterior to the more specific motor function areas, which can be related to the early planning of movements and intentions to the point of being personality-type functions

152
Q

pre vertebral ganglia

A

autonomic ganglia that are anterior to the vertebral column and functionally related to the sympathetic chain ganglia

153
Q

primary vesicle

A

initial enlargements of the anterior neural tube during embryonic development that develop into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

154
Q

proprioception

A

general sensory perceptions providing information about location and movement of body parts; the “sense of the self”

155
Q

prosencephalon

A

primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the forebrain, which includes the cerebrum and diencephalon

156
Q

putamen

A

nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the caudate, it is part of the striatum

157
Q

radial nerve

A

systemic nerve of the arm, the distal component of which is located near the radial bone

158
Q

rhombencephalon

A

diffuse region of gray matter throughout the brain stem that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and states of consciousness

159
Q

sacral plexus

A

primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the hindbrain, which includes the pons, cerebellum, and medulla

160
Q

saphenous nerve

A

systemic nerve of the lower anterior leg that is a branch from the femoral nerve

161
Q

sciatic nerve

A

systemic nerve from the sacral plexus that is a combination of the tibial and fibular nerves and extends across the hip joint and gluteal region into the upper posterior leg

162
Q

sciatica

A

painful condition resulting from inflammation or compression of the sciatic nerve or any of the spinal nerves that contribute to it

163
Q

secondary vesicle

A

five vesicles that develop from primary vesicles, continuing the process of differentiation of the embryonic brain

164
Q

sigmoid sinuses

A

dural sinuses that drain directly into the jugular veins

165
Q

somatosensation

A

general senses related to the body, usually thought of as the senses of touch, which would include pain, temperature, and proprioception

166
Q

spinal accessory nerve

A

eleventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of neck muscles

167
Q

spinal nerve

A

one of 31 nerves connected to the spinal cord

168
Q

straight sinus

A

dural sinus that drains blood from the deep center of the brain to collect with the other sinuses

169
Q

striatum

A

the caudate and putamen collectively, as part of the basal nuclei, which receive input from the cerebral cortex

170
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains CSF and the fibrous connections of the arachnoid trabeculae

171
Q

subcortical nucelus

A

all the nuclei beneath the cerebral cortex, including the basal nuclei and the basal forebrain

172
Q

substantia nigra pars compacta

A

nuclei within the basal nuclei that release dopamine to modulate the function of the striatum; part of the motor pathway

173
Q

substantia nigra pars reticulata

A

nuclei within the basal nuclei that serve as an output center of the nuclei; part of the motor pathway

174
Q

subthalamus

A

nucleus within the basal nuclei that is part of the indirect pathway

175
Q

sulcus

A

groove formed by convolutions in the surface of the cerebral cortex

176
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

dural sinus that runs along the top of the longitudinal fissure and drains blood from the majority of the outer cerebrum

177
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

autonomic ganglia in a chain along the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral column that are responsible for contributing to homeostatic mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system

178
Q

systemic nerve

A

nerve in the periphery distal to a nerve plexus or spinal nerve

179
Q

tectum

A

region of the midbrain, thought of as the roof of the cerebral aqueduct, which is subdivided into the inferior and superior colliculi

180
Q

tegmentum

A

region of the midbrain, thought of as the floor of the cerebral aqueduct, which continues into the pons and medulla as the floor of the fourth ventricle

181
Q

telencephalon

A

secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the cerebrum

182
Q

terminal ganglion

A

autonomic ganglia that are near or within the walls of organs that are responsible for contributing to homeostatic mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system

183
Q

third ventricle

A

portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the diencephalon

184
Q

tibial nerve

A

systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve

185
Q

transverse sinuses

A

dural sinuses that drain along either side of the occipital–cerebellar space

186
Q

trigeminal ganglion

A

sensory ganglion that contributes sensory fibers to the trigeminal nerve

187
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

fifth cranial nerve; responsible for cutaneous sensation of the face and contraction of the muscles of mastication

188
Q

trochlear nerve

A

fourth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles

189
Q

ulnar nerve

A

systemic nerve of the arm located close to the ulna, a bone of the forearm

190
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve; responsible for the autonomic control of organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities

191
Q

ventral nerve root

A

axons emerging from the anterior or lateral horns of the spinal cord

192
Q

ventricles

A

remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube that are spaces for cerebrospinal fluid to circulate through the brain

193
Q

vertebral arteries

A

arteries that ascend along either side of the vertebral column through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the cranium through the foramen magnum

194
Q

vestibulocohclear nerve

A

eighth cranial nerve; responsible for the sensations of hearing and balance

195
Q

brachial plexus

A

nerve plexus associated with the lower cervical spinal nerves and first thoracic spinal nerve

196
Q

brachial plexus

A

nerve plexus associated with the lower cervical spinal nerves and first thoracic spinal nerve

197
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

198
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

199
Q

olfactory nerve

A

first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell

200
Q

nerve ramus

A

branching of nerve after it passes through the intervertebral foramen

201
Q

dermatomes

A

cutaneous area developed from one embryonic spinal cord segment and recieving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve (skin segments)

202
Q

reflex arc

A
  • receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • motor neuron
  • integrating center neuron
  • effector
203
Q

stretch reflex

A
  • ipsilateral
  • to maintain muscle tone and coordination during exercise
  • monosynaptic
  • controls muscle length by causing muscle contraction
204
Q

tendon reflex

A
  • ipsilateral
  • prevents damage to muscles and tendons
  • controls muscle tension by causing muscle force becomes too excessive
205
Q

Golgi rendon organ

A

responds to tension created by the muscle

206
Q

flexor or withdrawal reflex

A

-ipsilateral
- protective withdrawal to avoid pain
- contract flexor muscle to move limb

207
Q

crossed-extensor reflex

A
  • works with flexor reflex
  • contralateral
  • synchronized extension of joints of one limb while the opposite limb is flexing
  • helps maintain balance during the flexor reflex
208
Q

shingles

A

acute infection of peripheral nerves by herpe zoster virus

209
Q

poliomyelitis

A

viral infection destroys motor neurons

210
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • skin and muscles of
    head
  • C1-C5
  • Upper shoulders
  • Connects with cranial
    nerves
  • Diaphragm
    – Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
211
Q

brachial plexus

A
  • Upper extremities
  • neck
  • Shoulder
  • C5-T1
212
Q

lumbar plexus

A
  • Anterolateral abdominal
    wall
  • External genitals
  • Part of lower extremity
    – Femoral nerve
    – Obturator nerve
  • L1-L4
213
Q

sacral plexus

A
  • Buttocks
  • Perineum
  • Part of lower
    extremities
  • Sciatic nerve
  • L4-S4

Anatomy I (13 decks)

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