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Anatomy I > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

acid

A

compound that releases hydrogen ions in solution

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2
Q

activation energy

A

amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

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3
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer

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4
Q

amino acid

A

building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and variable side-chain

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5
Q

anion

A

atom with a negative charge

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6
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

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7
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

base

A

compound that accepts hydrogen ions in solution

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9
Q

bond

A

electrical force linking atoms

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10
Q

buffer

A

solution containing a weak acid or base that opposed wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

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11
Q

carbohydrate

A

class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

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12
Q

catalyst

A

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

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13
Q

cation

A

atom with a positive charge

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14
Q

chemical energy

A

form of energy that is absorbed as chemical form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken

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15
Q

colloid

A

liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

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16
Q

compound

A

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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17
Q

concentration

A

number of particles within a given space

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18
Q

covalent bond

A

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells

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19
Q

decomposition reaction

A

type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms

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20
Q

denaturation

A

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

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21
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information

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22
Q

disaccharide

A

pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond

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23
Q

disulfide bond

A

covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids

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24
Q

electron

A

subatomic particle having a negative charge and Nearly no mass

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25
Q

electron shell

A

area of space a even distance from an atoms nucleus in which electrons are groups

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26
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

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27
Q

enzyme

A

protein or rna that catalyzes chemical reactions

28
Q

exchange reaction

A

type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in transfer of components

29
Q

functional group

A

group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms

30
Q

hydrogen bond

A

dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom that covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attratced to a second electronegative atom

31
Q

inorganic compound

A

substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

32
Q

ion

A

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

33
Q

ionic bond

A

attraction between an anion and a cation

34
Q

isotope

A

one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons different from each other

35
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy that mater possesses because of its mmotion

36
Q

lipid

A

class of nonpolr organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water

37
Q

macromolecule

A

large molecule formed by covalent bonding

38
Q

mass number

A

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

39
Q

matter

A

physical substance

40
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms covalently bonded together

41
Q

monosaccharide

A

monomer of carbohydrate and a simple sugar

42
Q

neutron

A

heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atoms nucleus

43
Q

nucleotide

A

class of organic compounds composed of 1 or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base

44
Q

organic compound

A

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

45
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

46
Q

pH

A

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

47
Q

phospholipid

A

lipid compound in which. a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride

48
Q

phosphorylation

A

addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound

49
Q

polar molecule

A

molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond

50
Q

polysaccharide

A

compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds

51
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

52
Q

product

A

one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

53
Q

prostaglandin

A

lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes

54
Q

protein

A

class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

55
Q

proton

A

heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atoms nucleus

56
Q

purine

A

nitrogen containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

57
Q

pyrimidine

A

nitrogen containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, uracil

58
Q

radioactive isotope

A

unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles as it decays

59
Q

reactant

A

one or more substances that enter a reaction

60
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

61
Q

solution

A

homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent

62
Q

steroid

A

lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules

63
Q

substrate

A

reactant in an enzymatic reaction

64
Q

synthesis reaction

A

type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule

65
Q

triglyceride

A

lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

66
Q

valence shell

A

outermost electron shell of an atom

Anatomy I (13 decks)

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