Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
acid
compound that releases hydrogen ions in solution
activation energy
amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer
amino acid
building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and variable side-chain
anion
atom with a negative charge
atom
smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
base
compound that accepts hydrogen ions in solution
bond
electrical force linking atoms
buffer
solution containing a weak acid or base that opposed wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids
carbohydrate
class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio
catalyst
substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process
cation
atom with a positive charge
chemical energy
form of energy that is absorbed as chemical form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken
colloid
liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light
compound
substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
concentration
number of particles within a given space
covalent bond
chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells
decomposition reaction
type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms
denaturation
change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information
disaccharide
pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond
disulfide bond
covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids
electron
subatomic particle having a negative charge and Nearly no mass
electron shell
area of space a even distance from an atoms nucleus in which electrons are groups
element
substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means
enzyme
protein or rna that catalyzes chemical reactions
exchange reaction
type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in transfer of components
functional group
group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms
hydrogen bond
dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom that covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attratced to a second electronegative atom
inorganic compound
substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
ion
atom with an overall positive or negative charge
ionic bond
attraction between an anion and a cation
isotope
one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons different from each other
kinetic energy
energy that mater possesses because of its mmotion
lipid
class of nonpolr organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water
macromolecule
large molecule formed by covalent bonding
mass number
sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
matter
physical substance
molecule
two or more atoms covalently bonded together
monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrate and a simple sugar
neutron
heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atoms nucleus
nucleotide
class of organic compounds composed of 1 or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base
organic compound
substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
peptide bond
covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids
pH
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
phospholipid
lipid compound in which. a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride
phosphorylation
addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound
polar molecule
molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond
polysaccharide
compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds
potential energy
stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components
product
one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction
prostaglandin
lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes
protein
class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
proton
heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atoms nucleus
purine
nitrogen containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine
pyrimidine
nitrogen containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, uracil
radioactive isotope
unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles as it decays
reactant
one or more substances that enter a reaction
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein
solution
homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent
steroid
lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules
substrate
reactant in an enzymatic reaction
synthesis reaction
type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule
triglyceride
lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains
valence shell
outermost electron shell of an atom
