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Anatomy I > Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization

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2
Q

actin

A

protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber

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3
Q

action potential

A

change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

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4
Q

aerobic respiration

A

production of ATP in the presence of oxygen

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5
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of blood capillary networks

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6
Q

aponeurosis

A

broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone

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7
Q

ATPase

A

enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP

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8
Q

atrophy

A

loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers

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9
Q

authorhymicity

A

heart’s ability to control its own contractions

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10
Q

calmodulin

A

regulatory protein that facilitates contraction in smooth muscles

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11
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated muscle found in the heart; joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.

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12
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load

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13
Q

contractility

A

ability to shorten (contract) forcibly

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14
Q

contraction phase

A

twitch contraction phase when tension increases

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15
Q

creatine phosphate

A

phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle

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16
Q

dense body

A

sarcoplasmic structure that attaches to the sarcolemma and shortens the muscle as thin filaments slide past thick filaments

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17
Q

depolarize

A

to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest

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18
Q

desmosome

A

cell structure that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to allow contraction to occur

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19
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished

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20
Q

elasticity

A

ability to stretch and rebound

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21
Q

endomysium

A

loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle

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22
Q

epimysium

A

outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

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23
Q

excitability

A

ability to undergo neural stimulation

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24
Q

extensibility

A

ability to lengthen (extend)

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25
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle

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26
Q

fast glycolytic (FG)

A

muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis

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27
Q

fast oxidative (FO)

A

intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers

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28
Q

fibrosis

A

replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue

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29
Q

glycolysis

A

anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ATP

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30
Q

graded muscle response

A

modification of contraction strength

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31
Q

hyperplasia

A

process in which one cell splits to produce new cells

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32
Q

hypertonia

A

abnormally high muscle tone

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32
Q

hypertrophy

A

addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers

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33
Q

hypotonia

A

abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions

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34
Q

intercalated disc

A

part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes

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35
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle contraction that occurs with no change in muscle length

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36
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle contraction that involves changes in muscle length

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37
Q

lactic acid

A

product of anaerobic glycolysis

38
Q

latch-bridges

A

subset of a cross-bridge in which actin and myosin remain locked together

39
Q

latent period

A

the time when a twitch does not produce contraction

40
Q

motor end-plate

A

sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

41
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates

42
Q

muscle tension

A

force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions

43
Q

muscle tone

A

low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement

44
Q

myoblast

A

muscle-forming stem cell

45
Q

myofibril

A

long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres

46
Q

myogram

A

instrument used to measure twitch tension

47
Q

myosin

A

protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber

48
Q

myotube

A

fusion of many myoblast cells

49
Q

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal

50
Q

neurotransmitter

A

signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells

51
Q

oxygen debt

A

amount of oxygen needed to compensate for ATP produced without oxygen during muscle contraction

52
Q

pacesetter cell

A

cell that triggers action potentials in smooth muscle

53
Q

pericyte

A

stem cell that regenerates smooth muscle cells

54
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle

55
Q

power stroke

A

action of myosin pulling actin inward (toward the M line)

56
Q

pyruvic acid

A

product of glycolysis that can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to lactic acid

57
Q

recruitment

A

increase in the number of motor units involved in contraction

58
Q

relaxation phase

A

period after twitch contraction when tension decreases

59
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

60
Q

sarcomere

A

longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction

61
Q

sarcopenia

A

age-related muscle atrophy

62
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

63
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca++

64
Q

satellite cell

A

stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells

65
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, multinucleated muscle that requires signaling from the nervous system to trigger contraction; most skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles that move bones and produce movement

66
Q

slow oxidative (SO)

A

muscle fiber that primarily uses aerobic respiration

67
Q

smooth muscle

A

nonstriated, mononucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways

68
Q

somites

A

blocks of paraxial mesoderm cells

69
Q

stress-relaxation response

A

relaxation of smooth muscle tissue after being stretched

70
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate

71
Q

T-tubule

A

projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell

72
Q

tetanus

A

a continuous fused contraction

73
Q

thick filament

A

the thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-discs

74
Q

thin filament

A

thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere

75
Q

treppe

A

stepwise increase in contraction tension

76
Q

triad

A

the grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae

77
Q

tropomyosin

A

regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin

78
Q

troponin

A

regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium

79
Q

twitch

A

single contraction produced by one action potential

80
Q

varicosity

A

enlargement of neurons that release neurotransmitters into synaptic clefts

81
Q

visceral muscle

A

smooth muscle found in the walls of visceral organs

82
Q

voltage-gated sodium channels

A

membrane proteins that open sodium channels in response to a sufficient voltage change, and initiate and transmit the action potential as Na+ enters through the channel

83
Q

wave summation

A

addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction

84
Q

4 properties of muscle

A

excitability
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity

85
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A
  • muscle fibers multinucleated
  • striated
  • voluntary
  • essential for movement
86
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A
  • uniform non-striated cytoplasm
  • uninucleated
  • involuntary
  • essential for visceral organs and circulation
  • spindle shape fibers
  • endomysium CT
  • actin and myosin contracile proteins
  • dense bodies
  • calcium supplied by calveoli
  • stress relaxation response
87
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • 2 nuclei in each fiber
  • fibers physically and electrically connected
  • involuntary
  • intercalated discs allows muscles to contract
  • possess mitochondria and myoglobin
  • gap junctions & desmosomes
  • autorhythmicity
  • branched fibers
88
Q

6 functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • contract and cause movement and stop movement
  • resisting gravity to maintain posture
  • maintain skeletal stability and prevent skeletal structure damage
  • allows for basic voluntary movements such as urination or swallowing
  • protect internal organs
  • maintenance of homeostasis through heat generation and shivering
89
Q

layers of skeletal muscle

A
  1. epimysium- surrounds skeletal muscle
  2. perimysium- surrounds muscle fascicle
  3. endomysium- surrounds muscle fiber
  4. muscle fibre
  5. myofibril
  6. microfilaments
90
Q

signaling steps

A
  • neuronal action potential travels along axon of motor neuron
  • at neuromuscular junction, axon terminal releases acetylcholine
  • ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft
  • ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate on sarcolemma on other side of synapse
  • ACh receptor opens up for a channel for positive ions to pass
  • muscle fibers depolarize and membrane potential becomes less negative
  • voltage-gated sodium channels triggered to open
  • sodium ions enter muscle fiber
  • action potential fires and initiates excitation-contraction coupling
91
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A
  • signals from the somatic motor division of the nervous system; motor neurons originate from spinal cord
  • muscle fiber action potential sweeps across sarcolemma as a wave
  • AP is coupled to the actual contraction through the release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • calcium interacts with shield proteins forcing them to move aside so actin-binding sites are available
  • myosin pulls actin filaments towards center
  • muscle fiber shortened
92
Q

muscle contraction steps

A
  • Action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Calcium ions bind to troponin (on actin) and cause tropomyosin to move, exposing binding sites for the myosin heads
  • The actin filaments and myosin heads form a cross-bridge that is broken by ATP
  • ATP hydrolysis causes the myosin heads to swivel and change orientation
  • Swiveled myosin heads bind to the actin filament before returning to their original conformation (releasing ADP + Pi)
  • The repositioning of the myosin heads move the actin filaments towards the centre of the sarcomere
  • The sliding of actin along myosin therefore shortens the sarcomere, causing muscle contraction

Anatomy I (13 decks)

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