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General Ecology > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Frequently used to estimate fish, aquatic inverts, and occasionally small mammal populations

A

delury method (removal sampling)

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2
Q

Estimates derived are of number present at the beginning of study

A

Delury method (removal sampling)

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3
Q

This method can be used only when uniform capture efforts are possible

A

Delury Method (removal sampling)

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4
Q

what does the DeLury or Removal method rely on?

A
  1. successive removal of members of a population
  2. the catch per unit effort (Ct) decreasing linearly as the total catch (Kt) increases
  3. should be a negative linear correlation between catch per unit effort and cumulative catch
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5
Q

Assumptions for removal method

A
  1. a constant proportion of N is captured with each unit of effort
  2. catchability stays the same during the sampling period
  3. the population is closed
  4. the investigator’s removal of animals is the only major source of mortality in the population during the entire study
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6
Q

Ct

A

(catch/unit effort) (y)

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7
Q

Kt

A

(Cumulative catch) (x)

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8
Q

takes advantage of the fact that as a population of finite size is harvested, the number of animals captured per unit effort in successive attempts will decrease in proportion to the number of animals previously harvested

A

delury’s method (removal)

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9
Q

examines the potential relationship between two variables in nature - the dependent variable and the independent variable

A

regression analysis

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10
Q

if one wants to see if there is any relationship between catch per unit effort and cumulative catch (after a series of catch attempts)

A

regression analysis

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11
Q

catch/unit effort

A

dependent variable

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12
Q

cumulative catch

A

independent variable

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13
Q

the mathematical equation for a straight line

A

Y = bX - a

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14
Q

Y

A

dependent variable

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15
Q

X

A

independent variable

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16
Q

b

A

slope of the line

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17
Q

a

A

Y-intercept (value of Y when X=0)

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18
Q

the value of the slope (b) may be positive, which represents a ________ between two variables

A

positive correlation

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19
Q

when the slope is negative

A

there is a negative relationship between the dependent and independent variables

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20
Q

uniquely defined by its y-intercept (a) and its slope (b)

A

regression line

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21
Q

such a line may be fitted through existing data points showing the strength of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables

A

regression line

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22
Q

SP

A

sum of the cross products of the deviations of X and Y from their means

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23
Q

SSx

A

Sum of the squares of the X (independent) data points

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24
Q

Y-intercept =

A

mean of y data - slope (mean x data)

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25
Q

this method is more applicable to game populations in which one sex is being exclusively removed

A

Ratio/Dichotomy Method

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26
Q

relies on being able to recognize distinct subgroups within the population

A

Lincoln-Peterson index and Ratio/Dichotomy Method

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27
Q

Reliance is generally on natural vs. artificial recognition features

A

ratio/dichotomy method

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28
Q

based on the change in the ratio of two different types of individuals in a population, after some of one or both of the subgroups have been either added to or removed from the original population

A

ratio/dichotomy method

29
Q

data required for the ratio method:

A
  1. the ratio of the two types before addition or removal
  2. the ratio of the two types after addition or removal
  3. the number of each type of individual added or subtracted
30
Q

major assumptions of the ratio method

A
  1. no recruitment or mortality occurs between the two samplings
  2. adding/removing individuals from the population will not influence the subsequent behavior and/or distribution of the remaining individuals
31
Q

N1

A

total number of individuals in the original population

32
Q

X (ratio method)

A

the number of one of the two types added or subtracted (indicated by sign)

33
Q

Y (ratio method)

A

the number of the other type added or subtracted

34
Q

P1

A

the ratio of X in the first sampling

35
Q

P2

A

the ratio of X in the second sampling (after addition or removal)

36
Q

three procedures for obtaining the age structure of a population

A
  1. by examining a cohort throughout its lifetime
  2. by examining all age classes at a particular moment in time
  3. by knowing the age at death for members of a population
37
Q

By examining a cohort throughout its life time

A

cohort or dynamic life table

38
Q

By examining all age classes at a particular moment

in time ….. the “snap-shot” approach

A

time specific

39
Q

By knowing the age at death for members of a population

A

by examining skulls or animals at check stations

40
Q

age class data may be collected in a variety of ways:

A
  1. counting rings on horns, scales, tooth development
  2. observing plumage in birds, growth rings on woody plants
  3. looking at developmental stages of insects and other inverts
41
Q

column one

A

age groups

42
Q

column two (x)

A

age cohort or age interval

43
Q

column three (lx or nx)

A

number of individuals alive at the beginning of the study

44
Q

column four (Lx)

A

the number of individuals alive at the middle of age class x

45
Q

Lx formula

A

(lx) + (lx + 1) / 2
or
lx = 2Lx - (lx + 1)

46
Q

column five (dx)

A

number of individuals in the population that die during interval x

47
Q

formula for dx

A

dx = lx - lx+1

48
Q

column six (qx)

A

probability of dying during age interval x

49
Q

formula for qx

A

dx/lx

50
Q

column seven (sx)

A

probability of surviving through age interval x

51
Q

formula for sx

A

sx = 1 - qx

52
Q

column eight (Tx)

A

number of time units left for all individuals to live from age x onward

53
Q

formula for Tx

A

Tx = Lx + (Tx + 1)

54
Q

column nine (ex)

A

age-specific life expectancy

55
Q

formula for ex

A

ex = Tx/lx

56
Q

basic introduction to capture/recapture

A

the lincoln-peterson method

57
Q

N (lincoln peterson)

A

number of individuals in population

58
Q

M (lincoln peterson)

A

number of marked individuals from first capture effort

59
Q

C (lincoln peterson)

A

number of individuals captured in second capture effort

60
Q

R (lincoln peterson)

A

number of individuals recaptured in second capture effort

61
Q

M/N =

A

R/C

62
Q

N/M =

A

C/R

63
Q

N =

A

MC/R

64
Q

To reduce bias: bailey modification

A

M(C+1)/R+1

65
Q

Standard Error associated with N

A

square root of: M^2(C+1)(C-R)/(R+1)^2(R+2)

66
Q

what assumptions are made when undertaking such mark/recapture effort

A
  1. Populations are closed
  2. No significant mortality of marked individuals
  3. Marked individuals become randomly distributed in the population.
  4. There is no recruitment into the size class being studied during entire study.
  5. There is no loss of marks/tags.
  6. The method of sampling is not selective with respect to marked vs. unmarked individuals
67
Q

How large of a number should M be

A

M should be large enough so that MC is equal to 4 times a crude estimate of N
MC = 4N

68
Q

Schnabel Modification of the Lincoln-Peterson Index

A

N = sum(CsumM)/sumR
or
sum(C+1)sumM)/sum(R+1)

General Ecology (16 decks)

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