Chapter 13 Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are metapopulations composed of

A

subpopulations that can experience independent population dynamics across space

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2
Q

Preferred habitat often occurs as

A

patches of suitable habitat surrounded by a matrix of unsuitable habitat

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3
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

the process of breaking up large habitats into a number of smaller habitats

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4
Q

habitat fragmentation often occurs as the result of

A

human activities (e.g., clearing forests, road construction, draining wetlands)

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5
Q

some habitat fragments experience extinctions, whereas others are

A

colonized by dispersers

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6
Q

The basic (first) metapopulation model assumes that

A

all habitat patches are equal in quality and that the matrix between patches is inhospitable.

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7
Q

Sources

A

high-quality patches that produce a large number of individuals that disperse to other patches

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8
Q

Sinks

A

low-quality patches that produce few individuals and rely on dispersers to keep the sink population from going extinct

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9
Q

If subpopulations rarely exchange individuals, fluctuations in abundance will be

A

independent among subpopulations

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10
Q

If subpopulations frequently exchange individuals, the subpopulations will

A

act as one large population

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11
Q

With intermediate patch connectivity, abundance in one subpopulation can influence

A

the abundance of other subpopulations

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12
Q

Assume that habitat patches are

A

of equal quality, each occupied patch has the same subpopulation size, and each subpopulation supplies the same number of dispersers to other patches

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13
Q

The proportion of occupied patches when colonization and extinction have reached an equilibrium (𝑝̂) is represented as:

A

𝑝̂ = 1 - (e/c)

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14
Q

We can increase the number of occupied habitat patches by

A

providing corridors between patches to increase the rate of colonization (c)

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15
Q

p

A

the fraction of habitat patches that is occupied

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16
Q

e

A

the probability of each patch becoming unoccupied (i.e., going extinct)

17
Q

c

A

the probability of a patch becoming colonized

18
Q

We can also increase the number of occupied patches by decreasing

A

rates of extinction (e)

19
Q

Hence, species may be preserved by protecting

A

large fragments of habitat that reduce extinction risk, or by ensuring that individuals can disperse to and from patches.

20
Q

Habitat patches are rarely equal in quality;

A

some patches are larger or contain a higher density of resources

21
Q

Small patches are likely to experience

A

higher rates of extinction and are less likely to be occupied than large patches

22
Q

Dispersal success is inversely related to

A

the distance of dispersal; hence, more distant patches will have a lower probability of being occupied than closer patches.

23
Q

Unoccupied patches that are close to occupied patches are more likely to be

24
Q

Rescue effect

A

when dispersers supplement a declining subpopulation and thereby prevent it from going extinct

25
Less isolated patches are more likely to be
rescued and are also more likely to be colonized
26
After settlement of farmers in western United States, habitat loss substantially reduced the number of
black-footed ferrets
27
what reduced numbers even more
poisons and disease
28
In 1981, a small population in Wyoming was discovered and a captive breeding program was very successful
Using metapopulation theory, biologists conducted several reintroductions in locations throughout western North America. This created a metapopulation that was resistant to complete extinction