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General Ecology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what do life history traits represent

A

the schedule of an organism’s life

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2
Q

Life history

A

the schedule of an organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival; represents an allocation of limited time and resources to achieve maximum reproductive success

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3
Q

the schedule of an organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival; represents an allocation of limited time and resources to achieve maximum reproductive success

A

Life history

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4
Q

Fecundity

A

the number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode

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5
Q

the number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode

A

Fecundity

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6
Q

Parity

A

the number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences

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7
Q

the number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences

A

Parity

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8
Q

Parental investment

A

the time and energy given to an offspring by its parents

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9
Q

the time and energy given to an offspring by its parents

A

Parental investment

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10
Q

Longevity (life expectancy)

A

the life span of an organism.

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11
Q

the life span of an organism.

A

Longevity (life expectancy)

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12
Q

what do life history traits often vary consistently with

A

life form, habitat, or environmental conditions

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13
Q

What is variation in one life history trait often correlated with

A

variation in other life history traits

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14
Q

“slow” life history

A
  1. long time to sexual maturity
  2. long life spans
  3. low numbers of offspring
  4. high parental investment
    Examples: elephants, oak trees
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15
Q

“fast” life history

A
  1. short time to sexual maturity
  2. short life spans
  3. high numbers of offspring
  4. little parental investment
    Examples: fruit flies, weeds
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16
Q

short life

A

r-selected

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17
Q

rapid growth

A

r-selected

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18
Q

early maturity

A

r-selected

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19
Q

many small offspring

A

r-selected

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20
Q

little parental care or protection

A

r-selected

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21
Q

little investment in individual offspring

A

r-selected

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22
Q

adapted to unstable environment

A

r-selected

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23
Q

pioneers, colonizers

A

r-selected

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24
Q

niche generalists

A

r-selected

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25
Q

prey

A

r-selected

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26
Q

regulated mainly by extrinsic factors

A

r-selected

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27
Q

low trophic level

A

r-selected

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28
Q

long life

A

K-selected

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29
Q

slower growth

A

K-selected

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30
Q

late maturity

A

K-selected

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31
Q

few, large offspring

A

K-selected

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32
Q

high parental care or protection

A

K-selected

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33
Q

high investment in individual offspring

A

K-selected

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34
Q

adapted to stable environment

A

K-selected

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35
Q

later stages of succession

A

K-selected

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36
Q

niche specialists

A

K-selected

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37
Q

predators

A

K-selected

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38
Q

regulated mainly by intrinsic factors

A

K-selected

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39
Q

high trophic level

A

K-selected

40
Q

what did J. Philip Grime proprose

A

plant life history depends on stress, competition, and the frequency of disturbances

41
Q

stress tolerators

A

typically small herbs with a long life span, slow growth, and a long time to sexual maturity

42
Q

what do many stress tolerators rely on

A

vegetative reproduction (reproducing from roots and stems) instead of producing costly seeds

43
Q

ruderals

A

grow fast and devote a high proportion of their energy to reproduction

44
Q

competitors

A

when conditions are less stressful, they grow fast, achieve early sexual maturity, and devote little energy to seed production

45
Q

what are life history traits shaped by

A

trade-offs

46
Q

when one life history trait is favored, it…

A

prevents the adoption of other advantageous traits

47
Q

Principle of allocation

A

the observation that when resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological function, or behavior, they cannot be allotted to another

48
Q

the observation that when resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological function, or behavior, they cannot be allotted to another

A

Principle of allocation

49
Q

what will natural selection favor

A

individuals that allocate their resources in a way that achieves maximum fitness

50
Q

there is a trade-off between offspring number and…

A

offspring survival

51
Q

what does an optimized life history resolve

A

conflicts between competing demands of survival and reproduction to achieve maximum fitness

52
Q

most organisms face a trade-off between the number of offspring they can produce and..

A

the size of those offspring

53
Q

for many organisms, the number of offspring can be variable, but

A

the size remains relatively constant

54
Q

what does selection favor in offspring trade-offs

A

a uniform offspring size

55
Q

for many species, it is possible that acquired energy can only be used…

A

to produce greater offspring numbers

56
Q

as the number of offspring increases, what decreases

A
  1. the amount of parental care per offspring

2. the chances of offspring survival

57
Q

what does offspring number/parental care depend on

A

environmental conditions such as the number of daylight hours that parents have to find resources for their offspring

58
Q

what does having more offspring do

A

stimulates the parents to hunt harder for food to feed their offspring
- this can affect the parent’s fitness

59
Q

what does allocation of energy to increased fecundity during one year occur at

A

the cost of further growth that year

60
Q

Determinate growth

A

a growth pattern in which an individual does not grow any more once it initiates reproduction; occurs in many species of birds and mammals

61
Q

a growth pattern in which an individual does not grow any more once it initiates reproduction; occurs in many species of birds and mammals

A

Determinate growth

62
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

a growth pattern in which an individual continues to grow after it initiates reproduction; occurs in many species of plants, invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians

63
Q

a growth pattern in which an individual continues to grow after it initiates reproduction; occurs in many species of plants, invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians

A

Indeterminate growth

64
Q

why should organisms with a long life span favor determinate growth

A

it allows them to grow first and reproduce later

65
Q

why should organisms with a short life span favor indeterminate growth

A

it allows them to quickly reproduce before death

66
Q

what does delaying sexual maturity allow an individual to do

A

grow large and produce more offspring per year once reproduction begins

67
Q

comparing across many species, the age of sexual maturity is positively associated with

A

the number of years an animal will survive after reaching maturity

68
Q

organisms differ in the number of times that they reproduce, but

A

they all eventually become senescent

69
Q

in almost all species, individuals eventually experience a decline in ______ followed by _____.

A

body condition; death (i.e., senescence)

70
Q

organisms differ in the number of times they _____ before _____

A

reproduce; senescence

71
Q

Semelparity

A

when organisms reproduce only once during their life; relatively rare in vertebrates, but common in insects and plants

72
Q

when organisms reproduce only once during their life; relatively rare in vertebrates, but common in insects and plants

A

Semelparity

73
Q

Iteroparity

A

when organisms reproduce multiple times during their life; common among birds, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians

74
Q

when organisms reproduce multiple times during their life; common among birds, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians

A

Iteroparity

75
Q

Annual

A

an organism that has a life span of one year

76
Q

an organism that has a life span of one year

A

Annual

77
Q

Perennial

A

an organism that has a life span of more than one year

78
Q

an organism that has a life span of more than one year

A

Perennial

79
Q

when does semelparity arise

A

when there is a massive amount of energy required for production (ex. bamboos)

80
Q

it has been repeatedly demonstrated that semelparous species produce more offspring in their fatal reproductive episodes than do

A

closely related iteroparous species in any one of theirs

81
Q

Senescence

A

a gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality

82
Q

a gradual decrease in fecundity and an increase in the probability of mortality

A

Senescence

83
Q

an inevitable consequence of natural wear and tear

A

senescence

84
Q

might reflect the accumulation of molecular defects that fail to be repaired

A

senescence

85
Q

the rate of wear can be modified by

A

physiological mechanisms that prevent or repair damage

86
Q

what do long-lived animals appear to have better mechanisms for

A

reducing the production of reactive forms of oxygen and repairing damaged DNA and protein molecules

87
Q

What does allocation of resources to these mechanisms depend on

A

the expected life span of an individual; long-lived individuals should select for better repair mechanisms

88
Q

what are life histories sensitive to

A

environmental conditions

89
Q

why is the right timing of life history events critical

A

so behavior and physiology match changing environmental conditions

90
Q

what cues do organisms rely on

A

various indirect, environmental cues

91
Q

photoperiod

A

the amount of light that occurs each day; provides a cue for many events in the life histories of virtually all organisms

92
Q

the amount of light that occurs each day; provides a cue for many events in the life histories of virtually all organisms

A

photoperiod

93
Q

what do fluctuations in resource availability often determine

A

the timing of life history events

94
Q

how can predation affect life history traits

A

time and size at hatching, metamorphosis, sexual maturity

95
Q

what can have substantial impacts on an organism’s physiological processes

A

small changes in temperature

96
Q

what has the increase in global temperature changed of many animals and plants

A

breeding times

97
Q

changes in temperature can also alter

A

the initiation of flower production

General Ecology (16 decks)

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